forging
Chapter 2
Forging
Subjects of interest
• Introduction/objectives
• Classification of forging processes
- Hammer or drop forging
- Press forging
- Open-die forging
- Closed-die forging
• Calculation of forging loads
• Effect of forging on microstructure
• Residual stresses in forgings
• Typical forging defects
Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Objectives
• This chapter provides fundamental of metal working process for forging in order to understand mathematical approaches used in the calculation of applied forging loads required to cause plastic deformation to give the final product.
• Classification of metal forging methods is also provided with descriptions of defects observed from the forging processes.
• The solutions to tackle such defects will also be addressed.
Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Introduction www.eindiabusiness.com • Forging is the working of metal into a useful shape by hammering or pressing.
• The oldest of the metalworking arts (primitive blacksmith). • Replacement of machinery occurred during early the Industrial revolution.
• Forging machines are now capable of making parts ranging in size of a bolt to a turbine rotor. • Most forging operations are carried out hot, although certain metals may be cold-forged.
www.prime-metals.com
Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Forging operations
Edging is used to shape the ends of the bars and to gather metal. The metal flow is confined in the horizontal direction but it is free to flow laterally to fill the die.
www.jsc-pfm.com
Drawing is used to reduce the cross-sectional area of the workpiece with concurrent increase in length.
Piercing and punching are used to produce holes in metals. Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Forging operations
Fullering is used to reduce the
Forging
Subjects of interest
• Introduction/objectives
• Classification of forging processes
- Hammer or drop forging
- Press forging
- Open-die forging
- Closed-die forging
• Calculation of forging loads
• Effect of forging on microstructure
• Residual stresses in forgings
• Typical forging defects
Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Objectives
• This chapter provides fundamental of metal working process for forging in order to understand mathematical approaches used in the calculation of applied forging loads required to cause plastic deformation to give the final product.
• Classification of metal forging methods is also provided with descriptions of defects observed from the forging processes.
• The solutions to tackle such defects will also be addressed.
Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Introduction www.eindiabusiness.com • Forging is the working of metal into a useful shape by hammering or pressing.
• The oldest of the metalworking arts (primitive blacksmith). • Replacement of machinery occurred during early the Industrial revolution.
• Forging machines are now capable of making parts ranging in size of a bolt to a turbine rotor. • Most forging operations are carried out hot, although certain metals may be cold-forged.
www.prime-metals.com
Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Forging operations
Edging is used to shape the ends of the bars and to gather metal. The metal flow is confined in the horizontal direction but it is free to flow laterally to fill the die.
www.jsc-pfm.com
Drawing is used to reduce the cross-sectional area of the workpiece with concurrent increase in length.
Piercing and punching are used to produce holes in metals. Suranaree University of Technology
Tapany Udomphol
Jan-Mar 2007
Forging operations
Fullering is used to reduce the