format in SAD chapter1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
What is System? A system is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole.
The term is from the Latin word systēma, "whole compounded of several parts or members, system", literary "composition"
Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.
Fields that study the general properties of systems include systems science, systems theory, systems modeling, systems engineering, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics, complex systems, system analysis and design and systems architecture. They investigate the abstract properties of systems' matter and organization, looking for concepts and principles that are independent of domain, substance, type, or temporal scale
The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs structure and/or behavior. Alternatively, and usually in the context of complex social systems, the term institution is used to describe the set of rules that govern structure and/or behavior.
"System" means "something to look at". You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no "system". Plato had no "system". Aristotle had no "system".
What is Billing System?Billing system is very complex starting from network elements that generate usage to the billing system to usage collection, mediation, rating, and invoicing. To simplify the process I will introduce a simple system usage scenario as shown in the following figure. The system user navigates through the company site and views company services, and he decides to order one of the available services. If he has no account, he signs up for a new account, else he signs in. Then the user asks to conduct an order with the selected service. The service may be prepaid where he has to pay to have credits to use the service, or it may be
INTRODUCTION
What is System? A system is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole.
The term is from the Latin word systēma, "whole compounded of several parts or members, system", literary "composition"
Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose and expressed in its functioning.
Fields that study the general properties of systems include systems science, systems theory, systems modeling, systems engineering, cybernetics, dynamical systems, thermodynamics, complex systems, system analysis and design and systems architecture. They investigate the abstract properties of systems' matter and organization, looking for concepts and principles that are independent of domain, substance, type, or temporal scale
The term system may also refer to a set of rules that governs structure and/or behavior. Alternatively, and usually in the context of complex social systems, the term institution is used to describe the set of rules that govern structure and/or behavior.
"System" means "something to look at". You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no "system". Plato had no "system". Aristotle had no "system".
What is Billing System?Billing system is very complex starting from network elements that generate usage to the billing system to usage collection, mediation, rating, and invoicing. To simplify the process I will introduce a simple system usage scenario as shown in the following figure. The system user navigates through the company site and views company services, and he decides to order one of the available services. If he has no account, he signs up for a new account, else he signs in. Then the user asks to conduct an order with the selected service. The service may be prepaid where he has to pay to have credits to use the service, or it may be