As a well-known literary theorist, Fish is a contributor to the “Opinionator” column in the New York Times. Furthermore, he worked as a former professor at Duke University and Dean of Arts and Sciences at the University of Chicago. Throughout this article, Fish expresses his reservation of artificial intelligence systems’ cognitive abilities by explaining how Watson functions in actuality. The author furthermore attempts to shed light on the question of if Watson understands anything like human.…
Intelligence, depending on who is defining the word, is a word that has a variety of definitions. The definitions can vary from problem solving, education, to logic and communication. However, this paper will entail four different definitions of different time period and or cultures. The four definitions commonalities and differences will be discussed. This paper will compare and contrast the four definitions. The differences and similarities will be discussed. Furthermore, a conclusion about the nature of constructs such as intelligence will be provided. The four definitions…
It suggests a belief that intelligence is the output of a mechanical process, a series of discrete steps that can be isolated, measured, and optimized.…
Strong artificial intelligence is the view that suitable programmed computers can understand language and possess the same mental capabilities as humans (Stanford). Weak artificial intelligence is the view that computers are only useful in some areas because they can mimic human mental abilities (Stanford). In 1980 John Searle published “The Chinese Room Argument” to prove that artificial intelligence appears to understand language but it actually does not understand. The argument is set in a scenario in which a computer follows a program written in the computing language. A human types Chinese symbols but does not actually understand Chinese and because the computer does what the human does it does not show understanding of Chinese either. The Turing test was created in 1950 by Alan Turing to deal with the question can machines think. It is also known as the Imitation Game and is comprised of a person, machine and interrogator. The interrogator is in a separate room from the person and the machine and the purpose of the game is for the interrogator to determine which one is the person and which is the machine. The person and the machine are labeled X and Y and the interrogator must ask them questions and the machine is trying to make the interrogator think that it is the person. “I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible to program computers, with a storage capacity of about 109, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning. I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted” said Turing (Stanford). The test may not be good because it only bases intelligence off of being able to…
Trevino, L. K. (2011). Managing Business Ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. (5th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc..…
8. Block’s Conversational Jukebox thought experiment attempts to undermine the turning test by showing that there’s more to being intelligent than producing a certain output. It also shows that the output is important because if the product is produced without any thought being needed than it can pass the test without…
Intelligence is an intrapersonal phenomenon, that is inside a person and it is generally agreed that the nature of this energy is unknown. Nevertheless, it may be known by its mental products (Groth-Marnet, 1997; Wechsler, 1939). Because there are many different ways to be intelligent there have also been many different definitions proposed (see Neiser, et al., 1996 for summary). A consensus on what constitutes intelligence is generally lacking. Alfred Binet (1908), the author of one of the first modern intelligence tests, defined intelligence as the inclination to take and maintain a specific direction, and capacity to adapt to achieve a goal outcome, and the power of autocriticism (Kaplan, & Saccuzzo, 2005). In contrast, David Wechsler, the developer of the Wechsler scales, defined intelligence as the aggregate capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment (Wechsler, 1958 as cited in Kaplin, & Saccuzzo). A review by Sternberg, (2005) of intelligence literature over the past century by psychologists and intelligence experts reveals two…
and Gender.”Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol. 60, No. 2: May 1998. 442-452. National Council on Family Relations.…
In Warwick’s “Into the Unknown,” he first examines the flaws of intelligence in regard to how IQ tests are being conducted and addresses the possible misunderstandings that could come up when one studies intelligence. He clarifies, “Any attempts to define intelligence that do not involve identifying specially valued cultural attainments must fail (Warwick 199).” Then, Flynn pinpoints the common obstacles while studying intelligence. He notes that once humans incorporate their own standards and values in the study of intelligence, it becomes impossible for IQ tests to remain objective and unbiased. To support his argument, Warwick creates an analogy between the speed of cheetah, car, spider, and human to illustrate how intelligence could be extremely selective and subjective (201). He makes a valid observation in which these categories are only comparable if they are referring to specific assignments; otherwise, it is entirely pointless. Moreover, Warwick identifies the problems on how researchers tend to take shortcuts and eliminate other factors that could alter the results of IQ tests. In “The Sociological Imagination,” Flynn continues to build on this foundation by listing the flaws of Jensen’s proposal on Reaction Times during the study of intelligence. First, he echoes Warwick’s claim by…
Edwards, A. J. (1994). Wechsler, David (1896-1981). In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Intelligence (Vol. 1, pp. 1134-1136). New York: Macmillan.…
The poem I chose to write this final reaction paper on is the poem entitled “Perfect Dress” by Marisa de los Santos. I chose this poem because the meaning of it seemed to just jump out at me and it was one of the few poems I thought I actually had a good grasp on.…
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.…
In the article “Can Computers Think,” John Searle makes the claim that computers, while they can simulate understanding or emotions, cannot think in the same way that a human mind can. John Searle objects to what he calls “strong AI,” the claim that the brain is just one type of hardware that can “run” the program that is essentially the human mind, and thus that if computers cannot currently think, they will one day be able to. Searle supports his claim on the basis that while computers run entirely syntactically, viewing information as abstract symbols with no meaning and reacting to them based off of their shape, the human mind has the additional layer of semantics that can not be obtained from syntax alone. Thus, John Searle proves that no matter how advanced technology becomes, a computer will never think in the same way that a human can.…
1.Traditionally, people have defined (and standardized tests have assessed) someone who is intelligent as an individual who can solve problems, use logic to answer questions, and think critically. But psychologist Howard Gardner has a much broader definition of intelligence. Compare the traditional idea about intelligence with Gardner's. Are there advantages to the traditional format of intelligence testing? How can Gardner’s ideas change the way we assess the strengths and weaknesses of people?…
Howard Gardner is a professor at Harvard who has studied the idea of intelligence in a way that links research and personal experience (Traub 1). He began speaking about “multiple intelligence’s” in 1983. Since then, he has won a Macarthur “genius” grant, he has written books, which have been translated into twenty languages, and he gives about seventy-five speeches a year (Truab 1). His ideas have been backed and popularized by many groups seeking to reform the current educational system. The idea is we know a child who scores well on tests is smart, but that doesn’t mean a child who does not score well is not getting the information or is incapable of getting it (Traub1). Gardner’s goal is to turn what we normally think of as intelligence into…