Preview

Gender and Age Differences in Bullying

Best Essays
Open Document
Open Document
1335 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Gender and Age Differences in Bullying
Does Bullying Change at Different Ages and is it Different With Gender?
Emily N. Smith
1034310
Criminology 1006
Jay Clifford
St. Thomas University

Bullying is any unwanted, aggressive behavior, that is defined as the use of a superior strength or influence to intimidate another. The behavior can defined as routine and repetitive. Types of bullying include:
°Physical- beating up, hitting, punching, kicking, or any other means of physically hurting another. °Verbal- name calling, threats, humiliation, or any other means of verbally hurting another. °Social- alienation from group, rumors, or any other means of indirectly hurting another.

°Cyber- using text, email, or social media to hurt others though singling out, embarrassing ,threatening, etc.
Cyberbullying is when a one is tormented, threatened, harassed, or targeted by another using the Internet or mobile phones. The acts may be directed to a certain group of individuals based on race, gender, religion, sexuality, etc. A lot of victims turn into bullies because of their bitterness towards the bully and it causes them to in turn to hurt others. Bullying happens in all age groups, from elementary school-aged children to adults in the office, but even though reports of bullying have been recorded for almost any age, middle school children have the most severe and 'memorable ' cases. The biggest difference in the way people bully is gender. Males and females bully differently. Males tend to be more aggressive in their bullying and become very physical, whereas females are more passive aggressive and focus on verbal bullying and cyberbullying.
In preschool years, the types of bullying that occurs is social rejection, name calling, taking other children 's toys, pushing, punching, hitting, etc. Their biological development seems off, they could have a stomachache or headache for no apparent reason, unexplainable injuries or sleep and appetite disturbance. The children are clingy and



Bibliography: Ashbaugh, Lauren P., and Dewey G. Cornell. "Sexual Harassment and Bullying Behaviors in Sixth-Graders.." Journal of School Violence 7.2 (2008): 21-38.EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. Besag, Valerie E.. "Bullying Among Girls."School Psychology International 27.5 (2006): 535-551. EBSCO. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. Boulton, Michael J., Peter K. Smith, and Helen Cowie. "Short-Term Longitudinal Relationships Between Children 's Peer Victimization/Bullying Experiences and Self-Perceptions.." School Psychology International 31.3 (2010): 296-311.EBSCO. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. Crapanzano, Ann Marie, Paul J. Frick, Kristina Childs, and Andrew M. Terranova. "Gender Differences in the Assessment, Stability, and Correlates to Bullying Roles in Middle School Children.." Behavioral Sciences & the Law29.5 (2011): 677-694. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. Erdur-Baker, Özgür, and Çiğdem Topcu. "Affective and cognitive empathy as mediators of gender differences in cyber and traditional bullying. ." School Psychology International 33.5 (2012): 550-561. EBSCO. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. Farrington , David P., and Anna Costanza Baldry. "Individual risk factors for school bullying.." Journal of Aggression, Conflict & Peace Research 2.1 (2010): 4-16.EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. James, Deborah, Ann Flynn, Maria Lawlor, Pat Courtney , Niamh Murphy, and Bernie Henry. "A Friend In Deed? Can Adolescent Girls Be Taught to Understand Relational Bullying?." Child Abuse Review 20.6 (2011): 439-454.EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. Min Jung, Kim, Richard F. Catalano, Kevin P. Haggerty, and Robert D. Abbott. "Bullying at elementary school and problem behaviour in young adulthood: A study of bullying, violence and substance use from age 11 to age 21.." Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health 21.2 (2011): 136-144. EBSCO. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. Phillips, Debby A.. "Punking and Bullying: Strategies in Middle School, High School, and Beyond.." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 22.2 (2007): 158-178. EBSCO. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Powerful Essays

    Moon, B., Kwang, H., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). Causes of School Bullying Empirical Test of…

    • 2253 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Bullying is a prevalent behavioral issue among adolescents. It can be defined in terms of any and all forms of aggression where one is targeted and is repeatedly, physically, or verbally harassed. This type of behavior, whether it is the bully or the one being bullied, can lead to long and short-term effects on the mental wellness of a still developing adolescent.…

    • 777 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Practicum Action Inquiry

    • 1493 Words
    • 6 Pages

    Gendron, B. P., Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2011). An Analysis of Bullying Among Students within Schools: Estimating the Effects of Individual Normative Beliefs, Self-Esteem, and School Climate. Journal of School Violence, 10(2), 150-164. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.539166…

    • 1493 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    According to some educators the problem of bullying within our nation’s schools has grown to epidemic proportions (Simplicio, 2012).Bullying has…

    • 799 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    In the article, “Bullying in Schools,” written by Ron Banks, the article expresses the key components of bullying . Bullying is made of direct behaviors. Boys typically engage in direct bullying, compared to girls who bully, use more indirect strategies. Teasing, taunting, threatening, hitting, and stealing are strategies used by boys. Spreading rumors and enforcing social isolation are strategies used by girls. Also, various reports and studies have shown that approximately fifteen percent of students are bullied regularly or are initiators of bullying behavior. The author stated in the article that direct bullying increases through elementary years, peak in middle school years, and decline during high school years. Also, boys are…

    • 329 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Bullying is a wide-spread problem in our schools and communities that has long-term academic, physical, and emotional consequences for the victim, as well as the bystanders, and bully. To combat this issue many programs were created and implemented in schools throughout America. Their goal was to improve peer relations, and to create a safer, and more positive school environment for students to develop and grow. With the incidences of middle-school bullying showing minimal decline, the effectiveness of…

    • 2420 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Best Essays

    Sanders, Cheryl E & Phye, Gary D( 2004) Bullying: Implications for the Classroom. London: Elsevier Academic Press.…

    • 3861 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Cappella, E., & Weinstein, R. (2006). The Prevention of Social Aggression Among Girls. Social Development , 15 (3), 434-462, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00350.x.…

    • 3606 Words
    • 15 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Also, research shows that physical abuse tends to occur more often among boys than girls at all educational levels (e.g., elementary, high school, college). Also, male college students tend to bully and be bullied through physical and verbal forms of bullying (e.g., name-calling) more often than college girls. Also, boys may be more accepting of bullying, than are girls. That is, boys may like a girl even if she bullies others. In contrast, girls may still befriend boys that bully, but tend to dislike girls that bully. At the core of these differences is children’s and, indeed, societal beliefs about acceptable behaviors for boys and girls. Many people may see bullying among boys as “just boys being boys.” So, girls may accept this attitude and tolerate boys’ bullying. However, girls may be less accepting of girls who bully if it is seen as overly…

    • 675 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Best Essays

    References: Answers.com, (2015). What is disempowerment in health and social care. [online] Available at: http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_disempowerment_in_health_and_social_care [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015].…

    • 2592 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    O 'Connell, P., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437-452.…

    • 2811 Words
    • 12 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Mean Girls

    • 1745 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Schools all around the country are dealing with the issue that they call bullying. However, bullying is an understatement for most of the issues dealing with adolescent girls. By definition, bullying is only one aspect of aggression (Coie et al., 1991). Bullying is a hurtful one-way ‘systematic abuse of power’, which usually occurs repeatedly over time (Smith and Sharp, 1994: p.2; Olweus, 1991). Most of the aggressions between girls in high school are not a one-way system. The issue of aggression at hand is more of a two-way process of attack and retaliation (Roland and Idsoe, 2001). When studying the aggression and conflicts of adolescent girls of similar social statuses, it reveals that girls do engage in retaliation, and revenge seeking against one another (Owens et al., 2000b).…

    • 1745 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Best Essays

    From 2000 to the present time, there have been well over 600 peer-reviewed articles published on bullying. When compared to the less than 190 articles that were published from 1980 to 2009, one has to acknowledge that this area of research has exploded. Research indicates that between 10% and 30% of children and youth are involved in bullying and that bullying also increases during the middle school period as children enter adolescence (Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim & Sadek, 2010, p. 65). Talk to any adolescent in school today and they will have their own story about their experience with bullying and there is a consistent agreement that it is becoming more complex to address. This essay is intended to inform the audience of some of the different behaviors and characteristics of bullies, the different methods of bullying, and to explore the possible reasons for origination in order to assist in future prevention and intervention efforts.…

    • 2180 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Good Essays

    Bullying

    • 7345 Words
    • 30 Pages

    ing and peer aggression. This knowledge could then be used to create school and social environments that promote healthy peer interactions and intolerance of bullying. School-based interventions have demonstrated positive outcomes in Norway and England,40-43 with reductions in bullying of 30% to 50%. These interventions focused on changes within the school and classroom climate to increase awareness about bullying, increase teacher and parent involvement and supervision, form clear rules and strong social norms against bullying, and provide support and pro16. Bijttebier P, Vertommen H. Coping with peer arguments in school-age children with bully/victim problems. Br J Educ Psychol. 1998;68:387-394. 17. Forero R, McLellan L, Rissel C, Bauman A. Bullying behaviour and psychosocial health among school students in New South Wales, Australia: cross sectional survey. BMJ. 1999;319:344-348. 18. Byrne BJ. Bullies and victims in a school setting with reference to some Dublin schools. Ir J Psychol. 1994;15:574-586. 19. Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E, Henttonen I, et al. Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22:705717. 20. Rigby K. Peer victimisation at school and the health of secondary school students. Br J Educ Psychol. 1999; 68:95-104. 21. Slee PT, Rigby K. The relationship of Eysenck’s personality factors and self-esteem to bully-victim behaviour in Australian schoolboys. Pers Individual Differences. 1993;14:371-373. 22. Salmivalli C, Lappalainen M, Lagerspetz KM. Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools. Aggressive Behav. 1998;24:205218. 23. Salmon G, James A, Smith DM. Bullying in schools: self reported anxiety, depression and self esteem in secondary school children. BMJ. 1998;317:924-925. 24. Slee PT, Rigby K. Australian school children’s self appraisal of interpersonal relations: the bullying experience. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1993;23:273-282. 25. Williams K, Chambers M, Logan S, Robinson D. Association of common health symptoms with bullying in primary school children. BMJ. 1996;313:17-19. 26. Haynie DL, Nansel TR, Eitel P, et al. Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: distinct groups of youth atrisk. J Early Adolescence. 2001;21:29-50. 27. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children: research protocol for the 1997-98 survey. Available at: http://www.ruhbc.ed.ac.uk/hbsc/protdesc.html. Accessibility verified March 26, 2001. 28. Olweus D. The Nature of School Bullying: A CrossNational Perspective. London, England: Routledge; 1999. 29. Shah BV, Barnwell GG, Bieler GS. SUDAAN User’s Manual, Release 7.5. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 1997. 30. McCullah P. Regression models for ordinal data. J R Stat Soc.1980;42:109-142.…

    • 7345 Words
    • 30 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    First, regarding the occurrence of bullying, victimization, and aggressive victimization in a sample of early adolescents, we found that 14% of our sample were bullies, 18% were victims, and 5% were aggressive victims. (I. Pellegrini & Bartini M, 1999)…

    • 4210 Words
    • 17 Pages
    Powerful Essays