Generations: 4g Technology

4G TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by:

C.D.DIVYA KUM ARI P.ARCHANA II B-TECH II B-TECH CSIT CSIT GPREC GPREC

Communication is exchange of ideas. Communication plays a very imp role in life. In early days people use to send messages through pigeons and letters. Later through telegrams. But this way communication is very slow. Telephones are replaced by telegrams, letters. Mobile completely revolutionalized communication bcoz it is the fastest way of communication. Mobile Communication: A communication network (either public or private) which doesn't depend on any physical connection between two communication entities and have flexibility to be mobile during communication. The current GSM and CDMA technologies offer Mobile Communication.

GENERATIONS: Generations of mobile communication are as follows:
1G:
In the world of cell phones, 1G signifies first-generation wireless analog technology standards that originated in the 1980s. The 1G or First Generation was developed in the seventies. This technology was used for voice transfer. But 1G technology has Poor voice quality, Poor battery life, large phone size, No security, frequent call drops, Limited capacity and poor handoff reliability.
2G:
2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system digitized the voice signal. It is later developed as 2.5G. This technology includes TDMA, GSM, and CDMA. The GSM is a circuit switched, connection oriented technology, where the end systems are dedicated for the entire call session. This causes inefficiency in usage of bandwidth and resources. The GSM-enabled systems do not support high data rates. They are unable to handle complex data such as video.
3G:
3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology. 3G supersedes 2G technology and precedes 4G technology. 2.5G was a temporary bridge between 2G and 3G. 3G technologies enabled faster data-transmission speeds, greater network capacity and more advanced network services. This technology delivers data speed from 384kbps to 2 Mbps. But 3G has High bandwidth requirement, High spectrum licensing fees, and huge capital.
4G:
4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phone technology, refers to the entirely new evolution and a complete 3G replacement in wireless communications.
Fourth generation mobile communications will have higher data transmission rates than 3G.
What is 4G?
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput. . 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 100 megabits per second on the move and 1000gigbits per second stationary, this is a phenomenal amount of bandwidth, only comparable to the bandwidth workstations get connected directly to a LAN.
Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?
• 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
• There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability
• 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
• We need wider bandwidth
• Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
• We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and data capability.
COMPARING KEY PARAMETERS OF 4G WITH 3G: 3G
(including2.5G,sub3G)

4G
Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) and wide area
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Frequency Band Dependent on country or continent (1800-2400 MHz) Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized voice
Access Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA)
Component Design Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters Smarter Antennas, software multiband and wideband radios
IP A number of air link protocols, including IP 5.0 All IP (IP6.0)

What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?
To achieve a 4G standard, a new approach is needed to avoid the disadvantages we've seen in the 3G realm. One promising underlying technology to accomplish this is multicarrier modulation (MCM), a derivative of frequency-division multiplexing Forms of multicarrier systems are currently used in digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, and digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB). MCM is a baseband process that uses parallel equal bandwidth sub channels to transmit information. Normally implemented with Fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques, MCM's advantages include better performance in the inter symbol interference (ISI) environment, and avoidance of single-frequency interferers. However, MCM increases the peak-to-average ratio (PAVR) of the signal, and to overcome ISI a cyclic extension or guard band must be added to the data. Cyclic extension works as follows: If N is the original length of a block, and the channel's response is of length M, the cyclically extended symbol has a new length of N + M - 1. At the MCM receiver, only N samples are processed, and M - 1 samples are discarded, resulting in a loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as shown in Equation 1.
SNR loss=10 log ((N+M-1)/N) db-------- (1)
Two different types of MCM are likely candidates for 4G as listed in Table 1. These include multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) using time division multiple access (TDMA). MC-CDMA is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. Similar to single-carrier CDMA systems, the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to distinguish users in MC-CDMA. However, in MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency. Either way, multiple users access the system simultaneously. In OFDM with TDMA, the users are allocated time intervals to transmit and receive data. As with 3G systems, 4G systems have to deal with issues of multiple access interference and timing.
Why OFDM? OFDM overcomes most of the problems with both FDMA and TDMA (ie ICI and ISI). OFDM splits the available bandwidth in to many narrow band channels. The carriers for each channel are orthogonal to one another allowing them to be spaced very close together, with no overhead as in the FDMA. Because of this there is no great need for users to be time multiplexed as in TDMA, thus there is no overhead associated with switching between the users. Each carrier in an OFDM signal has a very narrow bandwidth (ie 1 K Hz), thus the resulting symbol rate is low. This results in signal having a high tolerance to multipath delay spread, as a delay spread must be very long to cause ISI ( i.e. >500 μsec).
THE 4G TRANSCEIVER:
The structure of a 4G transceiver is similar to any other wideband wireless transceiver. Variances from a typical transceiver are mainly in the baseband processing. A multicarrier modulated signal appears to the RF/IF section of the transceiver as a broadband high PAVR signal. Base stations and mobiles are distinguished in that base stations transmit and receive/ decode more than one mobile, while a mobile is for a single user. A mobile may be a cell phone, a computer, or other personal communication device. The line between RF and baseband will be closer for a 4G system. Data will be converted from analog to digital or vice versa at high data rates to increase the flexibility of the system. Also, typical RF components such as power amplifiers and antennas will require sophisticated signal processing techniques to create the capabilities needed for broadband high data rate signals. Figure 1 shows a typical RF/IF section for a transceiver. In the transmit path inphase and quadrature (I&Q) signals are upconverted to an IF, and then converted to RF and amplified for transmission. In the receive path the data is taken from the antenna at RF, filtered, amplified, and downconverted for baseband processing. The transceiver provides power control, timing and synchronization, and frequency information. When multicarrier modulation is used, frequency information is crucial. If the data is not synchronized properly the transceiver will not be able to decode it. 4G PROCESSING:
Figure 2 shows a high-level block diagram of the transceiver baseband processing section. Given that 4G is based on a multicarrier technique, key baseband components for the transmitter and receiver are the FFT and its inverse (IFFT). In the transmit path the data is generated, coded, modulated, transformed, cyclically extended, and then passed to the RF/IF section. In the receive path the cyclic extension is removed, the data is transformed, detected, and decoded. If the data is voice, it goes to a vocoder. The baseband subsystem will be implemented with a number of ICs, including digital signal processors (DSPs), microcontrollers, and ASICs. Software, an important part of the transceiver, implements the different algorithms, coding, and overall state machine of the transceiver. The base station could have numerous DSPs. For example, if smart antennas are used, each user needs access to a DSP to perform the needed adjustments to the antenna beam. RECEIVER SECTION: 4G will require an improved receiver section, compared to 3G, to achieve the desired performance in data rates and reliability of communication. As shown in Equation 2, Shannon's Theorem specifies the minimum required SNR for reliable communication:
SNR=2C/BW-------------- (3)
Where C is the channel capacity (which is the data rate), and BW is the bandwidth For 3G, using the 2-Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth, the SNR is only 1.2 dB. In 4G, approximately 12-dB SNR is required for a 20-Mbps data rate in a 5-MHz bandwidth. This shows that for the increased data rates of 4G, the transceiver system must perform significantly better than 3G. The receiver front end provides a signal path from the antenna to the baseband processor. It consists of a bandpass filter, a low-noise amplifier (LNA), and a down converter. De-pending on the type of receiver there could be two down conversions (as in a super-heterodyne receiver), where one down conversion converts the signal to an IF. The signal is then filtered and then down converted to or near baseband to be sampled. The other configuration has one down conversion where the data is converted directly to baseband. The challenge in the receiver design is to achieve the required sensitivity, intermodulation while operating at low power.
BASEBAND PROCESSING: The error correction coding of 4G has not yet been proposed, however, it is known that 4G will provide different levels of QoS, including data rates and bit error rates. It is likely that a form of concatenated coding will also be used, and this could be a turbo code as used in 3G, or a combination of a block code and a convolution code. This increases the complexity of the baseband processing in the receive section. 4G baseband signal-processing components will include ASICs, DSPs, microcontrollers, and FPGAs. Baseband processing techniques such as smart antennas and multi-user detection will be required to reduce interference. MCM is a baseband process. The subcarriers are created using IFFT in the transmitter, and FFT is used in the receiver to recover the data. A fast DSP is needed for parsing and processing the data. Multi-user detection (MUD) is used to eliminate the multiple access interference (MAI) present in CDMA systems.
TRANSMITTER SECTION: As the data rate for 4G increases, the need for a clean signal also increases. One way to increase capacity is to increase frequency reuse. With the wider bandwidth system and high PAVR associated with 4G, it will be difficult to achieve good performance without help of linearity techniques (for example, predistortion of the signal to the PA). To effectively accomplish this task, feedback between the RF and baseband is required. The algorithm to perform the feedback is done in the DSP, which is part of the baseband data processing. Power control will also be important in 4G to help achieve the desired performance; this helps in controlling high PAVR - different services need different levels of power due to the different rates and QoS levels required.
The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is an important piece of the transmit chain. It requires a high slew rate to minimize distortion, especially with the high PAVR of the MCM signals. Generally, data is oversampled 2.5 to 4 times; by increasing the oversampling ratio of the DAC, the step size between samples decreases. This minimizes distortion. In the baseband processing section of the transmit chain, the signal is encoded, modulated, transformed using an IFFT, and then a cyclic extension is added. Dynamic packet assignment or dynamic frequency selection are techniques which can increase the capacity of the system. Feedback from the mobile is needed to accomplish these techniques. The baseband processing will have to be fast to support the high data rates.
APPLICATIONS:

VIRTUAL NAVIGATION AND TELEGEOPROCESSING:- You will be able to see the internal layout of a building during an emergency rescue. This type of application is some time referred to as ‘telegeoprocessing’.
A remote database will contain the graphical representation of streets, buildings and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database will be transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program will permit the occupants to visualize the environment ahead. They may also ‘virtually’ see the internal layout of buildings to plan an emergency rescue or engage hostile elements hidden in the building
.
TELEMEDICINE:- A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote location could access medical records (X-rays) and establish a video conference so that a remotely based surgeon could provide ‘on-scene’ assistance.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT APPLICATION:- In the event of natural disasters where the entire communications infrastructure is in disarray, restoring communications quickly is essential. With wideband wireless mobile communications, limited and even total communication capability(including Internet and video services) could be set up within hours instead of days or even weeks required at present for restoration of wire line communications.

ADVANTAGES OF 4G:- 1. Support for interactive multimedia services like teleconferencing and wireless Internet.
2. Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates.
3. Global mobility and service portability.
4. Scalability of mobile network.
5. Entirely Packet-Switched networks.
6. Digital network elements.
7. Higher band widths to provide multimedia services at lower cost(up to 100 Mbps).
8. Tight network security

LIMITATIONS:-
Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that must be addressed. A major concern is interoperability between the signaling techniques that are planned for use in 4G (3XRTT and WCDMA).
Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G technology. The equipment required to implement the next-generation network are still very expensive.
A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the network architectures compatible with each other. This was one of the unmet goals of 3G.
AS regards the operating area, rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks.

CONCLUSION:
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System designers and services providers are looking forward to a true wireless broadband cellular system, or 4G. To achieve the goals of 4G, technology will need to improve significantly in order to handle the intensive algorithms in the baseband processing and the wide bandwidth of a high PAVR signal. Novel techniques will also have to be employed to help the system achieve the desired capacity and throughput. High-performance signal processing will have to be used for the antenna systems, power amplifier, and detection of the signal. A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad, technological or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. To sketch out a world where mobile devices and services are ubiquitous and the promise of future fourth generation (4G) mobile networks enables things only dreamed of, we believe that 4G will probably become an IP-based network today.