Gibbons Vs Ogden Case Study

In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, the State of New York “…gave individuals the exclusive right to operate steamboats on waters within state jurisdiction. Laws like this one were duplicated elsewhere which led to friction as some states would require foreign (out-of-state) boats to pay substantial fees for navigation privileges,” as retrieved from www.oyez.com. In this case, the New York law violated federal law by giving in-state operators the monopoly on the coasting trade.
The Court’s unanimous decision stated the New York law violated the Fourteenth Amendment of Due Process in that all operators are equal and have the same right to commerce in any state waters, according to Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). Furthermore, in Justice William Johnson’s
Consequently, the Court stated that segregating based on race in public institutions was harmful to the growth and educational opportunities of African American children. Furthermore, in the Power Point Slides in Module 14 regarding the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) states, “If a state provides education, it must provide it equally.” A segregated school is not equal to an unsegregated school. Furthermore, in Benedict (pg. 330), “…the ruling that government-enforced racial segregation in schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment…the Court ruled that any government-enforced segregation, whether in public or private facilities, was unconstitutional.”
There has been a long history of racism against African Americans. The “Black Codes” of Mississippi (1865) state many examples of how adults and minor children are to be treated after slavery was abolished. During this time, the master or mistress of the black apprentice would decide what was taught and to provide the basic necessities for the minor