Globalization
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON MIGRATION
Globalisation is a term which encompasses narrowing down of the interconnection of countries globally. Although, it engrosses the economy, politics, culture, society and environment, actually it also involves the technology, production, development, communication and the international situations globally. Globalisation has been widely discussed by different philosophers and each takes its own approach and reaches different conclusions. Overall, three general positions about ‘globalization’ by Held & et al (1999: 3-10), approach were found: the modernists, the transformalists, and lastly the critics.
Firstly, the modernists think it as new trend (Harvey, 1995: 2), the actual wave of modern world system (Wallerstein, 1994: 16), and as it is characterised by being global and international instead regional and imperial (Alexander, ibid: 95).
Secondly, the transformalists have three groups of defining globalisation; the first group refer it with the alteration in the political positions what Held & et al (1999) have called the hyperglobalists (Ohmae, 1995), this also emphasis on the transformation of economics with the disappearance of the national state as the natural consequence of the process through networks of production, trade and finance (Held et al. 1999: 3).
On the other, the other group of transformalists recognise ‘globalization’ as a new challenge to act as a force behind the economic changes that is shaping societies in order to transform them (Ibid: 7; Borja & Castells, 1997, Sassen 1996). The third group assume globalization as transformation of economic and political organisation through technological advancement.
Thirdly, the more controversial approach is critics; here also three groups of thoughts. Firstly, Thompson (1999) define ‘globalization’ as a myth, secondly, a way to solve contradictions between the ‘global’ and the ‘local’ (Robertson, 1995, 27). Lastly, “inextricably linked with the movements of
Globalisation is a term which encompasses narrowing down of the interconnection of countries globally. Although, it engrosses the economy, politics, culture, society and environment, actually it also involves the technology, production, development, communication and the international situations globally. Globalisation has been widely discussed by different philosophers and each takes its own approach and reaches different conclusions. Overall, three general positions about ‘globalization’ by Held & et al (1999: 3-10), approach were found: the modernists, the transformalists, and lastly the critics.
Firstly, the modernists think it as new trend (Harvey, 1995: 2), the actual wave of modern world system (Wallerstein, 1994: 16), and as it is characterised by being global and international instead regional and imperial (Alexander, ibid: 95).
Secondly, the transformalists have three groups of defining globalisation; the first group refer it with the alteration in the political positions what Held & et al (1999) have called the hyperglobalists (Ohmae, 1995), this also emphasis on the transformation of economics with the disappearance of the national state as the natural consequence of the process through networks of production, trade and finance (Held et al. 1999: 3).
On the other, the other group of transformalists recognise ‘globalization’ as a new challenge to act as a force behind the economic changes that is shaping societies in order to transform them (Ibid: 7; Borja & Castells, 1997, Sassen 1996). The third group assume globalization as transformation of economic and political organisation through technological advancement.
Thirdly, the more controversial approach is critics; here also three groups of thoughts. Firstly, Thompson (1999) define ‘globalization’ as a myth, secondly, a way to solve contradictions between the ‘global’ and the ‘local’ (Robertson, 1995, 27). Lastly, “inextricably linked with the movements of
References: Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1995. “Modern, Anti, Post and Neo”, in New Left Review, 210: 63-101. Borja, Jordi & Castells Manuel. 1997. Local and Global. Management of the cities in the information age. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd. Brah, Avtar. 1996. Cartographies of diaspora. Contesting identities. London, Routledge. Brah, A & Hickman, M & Mac an Ghaill Máirtín, 1999. Global Futures: Migration, Environment and Globalization. London, MacMillan. Harvey, David. 1996. Justice, Nature & the Geography of Difference. Oxford, Blackwell. Held, D, McGrew, A, Goldbatt, D, & Perraton, J. 1999. Global Transformations. London, Polity Press. Robertson, Roland. 1995. “glocalization: time-space and homogeninity-heterogeinity”, in Featherstone, Lasch and Robertson (eds). Global Modernities, ob. cit: 25-44. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1994. “The agonies of Liberalism: What Hope Progress? New Left Review, 204: 3-17.