Business
Environments & Operations
14e
Daniels ● Radebaugh ● Sullivan
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Chapter 1
Globalization and
International
Business
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Introduction
Globalization is the ongoing process that deepens and broadens the relationships and interdependence among countries
International business is a mechanism to bring about globalization
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Introduction
International business consists of all commercial transactions—including sales, investments, and transportation—that take place between two or more countries
increasingly foreign countries are a source of both production and sales for domestic companies Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Introduction
It is important to study international business because
Most companies are either international or compete with international companies
Modes of operations may differ from those used domestically
The best way of conducting business may differ by country
An understanding helps you make better career decisions
An understanding helps you decide what government policies to support
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Introduction
Factors in International Business Operations
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Forces Driving Globalization
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Increase in and application of technology
Liberalization of cross-border trade and resource movements
Development of services that support international business
Growing consumer pressures
Increased global competition
Changing political situations
Expanded cross-national cooperation
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Measuring Globalization
Globalization can be difficult to measure
The A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy
Globalization Index ranks countries by
Economic dimensions
Technological dimensions
Personal contact
Political dimensions
recently ranked Singapore and Hong Kong as most globalized
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Costs of Globalization
Threats to national sovereignty
Economic growth and environmental stress
lose freedom to “act locally”
growth consumes nonrenewable natural resources and increases environmental damage Growing income inequality and personal stress
promotes global superstars at the expense of others Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Costs of Globalization
Offshoring involves the transferring of production abroad
it can be beneficial because it reduces costs but, it also means that jobs move abroad
Yet, offshoring may also create new, better jobs at home
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Why Companies Engage in IB
To expand sales
To acquire resources
pursuing international sales increases the potential market and potential profits may give companies lower costs, new and better products, and additional operating knowledge To diversify or reduce risks
international operations may reduce operating risk by smoothing sales and profits, preventing competitors from gaining advantage
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Why Companies Engage in IB
These three reasons
sales expansion resource acquisition risk minimization
guide all decisions about whether, where, and how to engage in international business Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Modes of Operations in IB
Merchandise exports
Merchandise imports
goods that are sent out of a country goods that are brought into a country
Sometimes referred to as visible exports and imports
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1-13
Modes of Operations in IB
Service exports
provider and receiver of payment
Service imports
recipient and payer of payment
Examples
Tourism and transportation
Service performance
turnkey operations and management contracts Asset use
licensing and franchising
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1-14
Modes of Operations in IB
Investments
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
investor takes a controlling interest in a foreign company
joint venture
Portfolio Investment
a non-controlling financial interest in another entity
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Types of International
Organizations
Collaborative arrangements
Joint ventures
Licensing arrangements
Management contracts
Minority ownership
Long-term contractual arrangements
Strategic alliance
companies that work together, but the agreement is critical to at least one partner an agreement that does not involve joint ownership Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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Types of International
Organizations
Multinational enterprises (MNEs)
take a global approach to markets and production or have operations in more than one country
Sometimes they are referred to as
multinational corporations (MNCs) multinational companies (MNCs) transnational companies (TNCs)
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Types of International
Organizations
In foreign markets, companies may have to adapt their typical methods of doing business
foreign conditions may dictate a particular method operating modes may be different from those used domestically
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Why IB is Different
The external environment affects a company’s international operations
Managers must understand social science disciplines and how they affect functional business fields
Consider
physical factors social factors competitive factors
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Physical and Social Factors
Geographic influences
Political policies
influence how a company operates
Behavioral factors
determines where and how business occurs
Legal policies
natural conditions influence production locations
may require changes in operations
Economic forces
explain differences in costs, currency values, market size
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The Competitive Environment
Competitive strategy for products
Company resources and experience
Cost strategy
Differentiation strategy
Focus strategy market leaders have more resources for international operations
Competitors faced in each market
local or international
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The Competitive Environment
So, a company’s competitive strategy influences how and where it can best operate Its competitive situation may differ from country to country in terms of its relative strength and which competitors it faces
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Looking to the Future
Three major perspectives on the future of international business and globalization
Further globalization is inevitable
International business will grow primarily along regional rather than global lines
Forces working against further globalization and international business will slow down both trends Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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