He International Journal of Human Resource Management
The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, February 2009, 399–419
Development and performance of self-managing work teams: a theoretical and empirical examination
Ben. S. Kuipersa* and Janka I. Stokerb a Faculty of Social Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; bFaculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Several theories have been developed that prescribe the team development of selfmanaging work teams (SMWTs). Some of these have led to models with successive linear developmental phases. However, both the theory and the empirical data show little support for these models. Based on an extensive review of team development literature, we propose, instead of linear phases, describing team development in three general team processes. These processes, internal relations, task management, and external relations and improvement, were empirically explored in a longitudinal fieldstudy of more than 150 blue-collar and white-collar SMWTs in a Volvo plant in Sweden. The three processes were found to be consistent over time and appeared to relate to one-year-later objective SMWT performance measures for product quality, the incidence of sick-leave and long-term sick-leave. Based on these findings, a resultoriented team development approach is proposed, in which the achieved results determine the processes followed to develop SMWTs further. Also, managers and HR practitioners are encouraged to monitor the three ongoing team processes and to relate these to the desired team performance. Such an analysis should be the starting point of a dialogue between manager and team to improve the functioning and performance of SMWTs. Keywords: business performance; quality of working life; self-managing work teams; team development; team processes
Introduction The use of teams has grown increasingly popular in organizations over recent decades (witnessed by the special issue of The International Journal of
Development and performance of self-managing work teams: a theoretical and empirical examination
Ben. S. Kuipersa* and Janka I. Stokerb a Faculty of Social Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; bFaculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Several theories have been developed that prescribe the team development of selfmanaging work teams (SMWTs). Some of these have led to models with successive linear developmental phases. However, both the theory and the empirical data show little support for these models. Based on an extensive review of team development literature, we propose, instead of linear phases, describing team development in three general team processes. These processes, internal relations, task management, and external relations and improvement, were empirically explored in a longitudinal fieldstudy of more than 150 blue-collar and white-collar SMWTs in a Volvo plant in Sweden. The three processes were found to be consistent over time and appeared to relate to one-year-later objective SMWT performance measures for product quality, the incidence of sick-leave and long-term sick-leave. Based on these findings, a resultoriented team development approach is proposed, in which the achieved results determine the processes followed to develop SMWTs further. Also, managers and HR practitioners are encouraged to monitor the three ongoing team processes and to relate these to the desired team performance. Such an analysis should be the starting point of a dialogue between manager and team to improve the functioning and performance of SMWTs. Keywords: business performance; quality of working life; self-managing work teams; team development; team processes
Introduction The use of teams has grown increasingly popular in organizations over recent decades (witnessed by the special issue of The International Journal of