History Final Notes

US History study guide

Earl Warren - He is known both for his efforts on behalf of Japanese internment during World War II as well as the decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment.

Watergate Scandal - The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s as a result of the June 17, 1972, break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C.

Gerald Ford - was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and prior to this, was the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974.

Kent State Massacre - occurred at Kent State University in the U.S. city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970.

Pentagon Papers - is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967.

Vietnamization - was a policy of the Richard M. Nixon administration during the Vietnam War, as a result of the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops."

Counterculture - is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior deviate from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores.

Hippy - The hippy subculture was originally a youth movement that arose in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to other countries around the world. The word 'hippie' came from hipster, and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district.

OSHA - The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Congress established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which President Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to "assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance" The agency is also charged with enforcing a variety of whistleblower statutes and regulations. OSHA is currently headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Dr. David Michaels.

Robert Kennedy - Was the younger brother of late president John F. Kennedy who was attorney general and also assassinated

Lee Harvey Oswald - Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four government investigations, the sniper who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963.

Harry S. Truman - was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, the U.S. successfully concluded World War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.

NATO - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

Khrushchev - Nikita Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.

Mao Tse-Tung - was a Chinese communist revolutionary, politician and socio-political theorist. The founding father of the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949, he governed the country as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death.

Potsdam Conference - was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. (In some older documents it is also referred to as the Berlin Conference of the Three Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and UK Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States.

38th Parallel - Is the line that marks the split between north and south korea

Joseph McCarthy - was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957.

Berlin Aircraft - airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

5 Communist Nations Today - China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam

Space Race - was a mid-to-late 20th century competition between the Soviet Union and the United States (US) for supremacy in space exploration. Between 1957 and 1975, the Cold War rivalry between the two nations focused on attaining firsts in space exploration, which were seen as necessary for national security and symbolic of technological and ideological superiority.

General MacArthur - was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr.

Mike - as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known—was the mid-20th-century list of screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other U.S. entertainment professionals who were denied employment in the field because of their political beliefs or associations, real or suspected.

Thurgood Marshall - was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

Montgomery Bus Boycott - a seminal event in the U.S. civil rights movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person.

SNCC - The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was one of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a student meeting organized by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960.

Malcolm X - born Malcolm Little and also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz was an African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist.

Black Panthers - was a black revolutionary socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982. The Black Panther Party achieved national and international notoriety through its involvement in the Black Power movement and U.S. politics of the 1960s and 1970s

James Earl Ray - The shooter of Martin Luther King Jr. captured months after at londons heathrow airport.

Separatism - The act of treating blacks and whites differently and being seperated

Black Muslims -

Rosa Parks - was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".

Elijah Mohammad - The leader of the nation of islam

Medgar Evers - was an African-American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi.

JFKs Family - Before kennedys presidency and during prohibition the kennedy family would smuggle

Yuri Gargarin - was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961.

John Glenn - is a retired United States Marine Corps pilot, astronaut, and United States senator. He was the first American to orbit the Earth and the fifth person in space, after cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov and fellow Mercury Seven astrononauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom.

Assassination of Kennedy - The assassination of JFK took place in a parade in Dallas, Texas he was shot 3 times.

Magic Bullet Theory - Was the theory that one bullet caused 8 total injuries in the shooting.

Gulf War - was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized Coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

Clinton Impeachment - President clinton was being impeached due to him lying under oath in the supreme court.

Iran-Contra Scandal - was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo.

Ronald Reagan - Was the 40th president and before his political run he was a hollywood actor

Jimmy Carter - Was the 39th president and the only president to win a nobel peace prize.

Gerald Ford - Was the 38th president that was appointed to due the resignation of president nixon.

SDI/Star Wars - Was the governments nickname for a space program that would shoot lasers at potential nuclear missiles headed towards the united states.

Challenger - was NASA's second Space Shuttle orbiter to be put into service, Columbia having been the first. The shuttle was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division in Downey, California

Sadam Hussien - was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

NOW - is an organization founded in 1966. It has a membership of 550,000 contributing members set up for the advancement of women. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.

Betty Fredan - Was a womens american rights activist and the author of the Feminine Mystique

Roe v Wade - is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion.

Norma McCorvey - Was the plaintiff in the Roe v Wade case.

Ho Chi Minh - was a Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.

College Deferment - was the act of teens going to college so they can attempt to avoid the draft.

Miranda v Arizona - Was the case of ernesto miranda confessed to the kidnapping and rape of a 17 year old but before his confession was not read his rights

Great Society Program – A set of domestic programs set by LBJ to reform and to eliminate poverty

Head Start - is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children’s physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills.

H.U.D. - is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.

Medicare - is a national social insurance program, administered by the U.S. federal government since 1965, that guarantees access to health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older and younger people with disabilities as well as people with end stage renal disease.

Medicade - is the United States health program for families and individuals with low income and resources. It is a means-tested program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments, and is managed by the states. People served by Medicaid are U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents, including low-income adults, their children, and people with certain disabilities.

Gideon v Wainwright - Gideon v Wainwright is the case that the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the fourteenth amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys, extending the identical requirement made on the federal government under the sixth amendment

Baker v Carr - Baker v Carr was a supreme court case that was based on redistricting

Engel v Vitale - was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.