History of Ibm

History of IBM
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International Business Machines, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational computer technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software (with a focus on the latter), and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.[1] Ginni Rometty is the president and CEO of IBM.
IBM has been well known through most of its recent history as one of the world 's largest computer companies and systems integrators.[2] With over 388,000 employees worldwide, IBM is one of the largest and most profitable information technology employers in the world. IBM holds more patents than any other U.S. based technology company and has eleven research laboratories worldwide.[3] The company has scientists, engineers, consultants, and sales professionals in over 170 countries.[4] IBM employees have earned five Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science.[5]
Contents
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• 1 Chronology o 1.1 1880s–1924: The origin of IBM
 1.1.1 Key events o 1.2 1925–1938: IBM 's early growth, the Great Depression
 1.2.1 Key events o 1.3 1939-1945: World War II
 1.3.1 Key events o 1.4 1946–1960: Postwar recovery, rise of business computing, space exploration, the Cold War

References: 6. ^ Bennett, Frank P.; and Company (June 17 1911). United States Investor. 22, Part 1. p. 1025. 7. ^ a b "Fortune 500: IBM". Fortune. 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2010. 8. ^ a b "Fortune 20 most profitable companies: IBM". Fortune. 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2010. 9. ^ "The World 's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. Retrieved June 7, 2011. 10. ^ "IBM". Forbes. Retrieved June 7, 2011. 14. ^ "IBM maintains patent lead, moves to increase patent quality". 2010-12-02. 18. ^ Images of America: IBM in Endicott. Arcadia Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-7385-3700-4. 22. ^ a b Lee, Kenneth (1998). Trouncing the Dow: A value-based method for making huge profits. McGraw-Hill. p. 123. ISBN 0-07-136834-5. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 23. ^ a b c Mathews, Ryan; Watts Wacker (2008). What 's your story?: Storytelling to move markets, audiences, people, and brands. Pearson Education. p. 138. ISBN 0-13-227742-5. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 25. ^ DeWitt, Larry (April 2000). "Early Automation Challenges for SSA". Retrieved March 2011. 26. ^ IBM Press room – February 14, 2001. "IBM Statement on Nazi-era Book and Lawsuit". 28. ^ Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (9th, alternate ed.). McGraw Hill. 2010. p. 746. 29. ^ "Speeches". IBM. 2004-04-27. 31. ^ "IBM Extends Enhanced Data Security to Consumer Electronics Products". April 10, 2006. 32. ^ "IBM Breaks U.S. Patent Record", Scientific Computing (Advantage Business Media): scientificcomputing.com, January 12, 2012, retrieved January 15, 2012 33. ^ "IBM Tops Microsoft to Be Second-Most Valuable in Technology" 34. ^ "Contact Us." IBM. Retrieved on October 20, 2009. 35. ^ "Armonk CDP, New York." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on October 20, 2009. 36. ^ "North Castle town, Westchester county, New York." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on October 20, 2009. 37. ^ "IBM Corporate headquarters." The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company. Retrieved on October 21, 2009. 38. ^ Fuchs, Marek; County Lines: Onward in Armonk, New York Times, February 24, 2002 39. ^ Benjamin Forgey (03-24-1990) 41. ^ "Global 2000: IBM". Forbes. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 17 December 2010. 45. ^ Chrystia Freeland (2010-10-22). "The Mumbai consensus". Reuters - Analysis & Opinion. 52. ^ Logan, John (December 2006). "The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States". British Journal of Industrial Relations: 651–675. 53. ^ IBM workers up in arms at pension cuts 54. ^ Smith, Paul Russell (1999) 56. ^ "IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever". IBM. 1999-03-02. Archived from the original on 1999-11-10. 57. ^ Farrah Hamid (2006-05-24). "IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center". LWN.net. 58. ^ "Interview: The Eclipse code donation". IBM. 2001-11-01. 59. ^ "developerWorks blogs : Michael O 'Connell : dW wins Jolt Hall of Fame award; Booch, Ambler, dW authors also honored". IBM. 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2007-04-23. 60. ^ "IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch". IBM. 2005-10-25. 61. ^ Staff Writer, mybroadband. "IBM microprocessors drive the new Nintendo WiiU console." Jun 8, 2011. Retrieved Jun 17, 2011. 62. ^ Isaac Leung, Electronics News. "IBM’S 45NM SOI MICROPROCESSORS AT CORE OF NINTENDO WII U." Jun 8, 2011. Retrieved Jun 17, 2011. 63. ^ "Butterfly and IBM introduce first video game industry computing grid". IBM. 2002-05-09. 64. ^ "IBM joins forces with game companies around the world to accelerate innovation". IBM. 2006-03-21. 66. ^ "IBM and Cisco Unveil Platform for Developing Unified Communications and Collaboration Solutions". Orlando, Florida: IBM. 2007-03-07. 67. ^ "Extreme Blue web page". 01.ibm.com. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 68. ^ James Watson (23 Sep 2004). "Students swap beach for the lab bench in IBM internship scheme". Computing. Retrieved 2009-12-21. 70. ^ Mads Ølholm, Semi Accurate. "Major breakthrough in cognitive computing." Aug 18, 2011. Retrieved Aug 24, 2011. 71. ^ Sylvie Barak, EE Times. "IBM SmartCamp startups attempt to solve world problems." February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012. 75. ^ "Energy, the environment and IBM.". IBM. 2008-04-01. Retrieved 2009-05-27. 76. ^ "IBM Press room - 2008-05-15 IBM Research Unveils Breakthrough In Solar Farm Technology - United States". IBM. 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2009-05-27. 79. ^ Conway Lloyd Morgan and Chris Foges. (2004). Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit. Rotovision. p. 15. ISBN 2-88046-750-0. 80. ^ E. Garrison Walters. (2001). The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology. Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR. p. 55. ISBN 0-13-019469-7. [edit] Further reading • Edwin Black (2008) • Ulrich Steinhilper (2006). Don 't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing. ISBN 1-872386-75-5. • Samme Chittum (2004-03-15). "In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors"]. New York Times. • Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. (2002). Who Says Elephants can 't Dance?. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-715448-8. • Doug Garr (1999). IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade. Harper Business. • Robert Slater (1999). Saving Big Blue: IBM 's Lou Gerstner. McGraw Hill. • Emerson W. Pugh (1996). Building IBM: Shaping an Industry. MIT Press. • Robert Heller (1994). The Fate of IBM. Little Brown. • Paul Carroll (1993). Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM. Crown Publishers. • Roy A Bauer et al. (1992). The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400). Oxford University Press. • Thomas Watson, Jr. (1990). Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond. ISBN 0-553-29023-1. • David Mercer (1987). IBM: How the World 's Most Successful Corporation is Managed. Kogan Page. • Richard Thomas DeLamarter (1986). Big Blue: IBM 's Use and Abuse of Power. ISBN 0-396-08515-6. • Buck Rodgers (1986). The IBM Way. Harper & Row. • Robert Sobel (1986). IBM vs. Japan: The Struggle for the Future. ISBN 0-812-83071-7. • Robert Sobel (1981). IBM: Colossus in Transition. ISBN 0-8129-1000-1. • Robert Sobel (1981). Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution (biography of Thomas J. Watson). ISBN 1-893122-82-4. • William Rodgers (1969). THINK: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM. ISBN 0812812263.