How Did the Hindu-Muslim Divide Affect the Nationalist Movement in India in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries?

CHRONOLOGY 1880 – 1947
1885 Founding of Indian National Congress (INC); moderate phase of Nationalism
1890s Dissension Movement
1893 Cow Protection Movement
1905 Partition of Bengal on 10th October; ‘swadeshi ' (own country) movement boycotts foreign products; radical nationalism; British suppression of leaders
1906 Foundation of All India Muslim League (AML)
1907 Split in Congress at Surat session
1908 Morely-Minto Reforms – modest political reforms giving Indians slightly more representation on legislative councils; Indian Councils Act
1911 Reunification of Bengal
1914 Start of World War One (WW1) – Indian soldiers fight for British
1915 Mohandas Gandhi returns from South Africa
1916 Jinnah becomes President of AIML – INC and AIML united against British
1917 Chelmsford-Montague Reforms – promised limited representative democracy Split between AIML and INC
1919 India Act, Rowlatt Satyagraha – beginning of mass politics
1920-22 Non-cooperation-Khilafat Movement under Gandhi; introduction of Satyagrapha policy and non-violence; Hindu-Muslim unity; ended because of rising violence
1920 Jinnah leaves Congress
1928 Landless labourers resisted dominant peasants in Bardoli
1929 Congress formally accepts goal of purna swarah (complete self-rule)
1930-31 Second Civil Disobedience Movement; Salt March (1930)
1931 Civil Disobedience halted; Gandhi takes part in meetings with the Viceroy and attends Second Round Table Conference
1932-34 Civil Disobedience resumed but called off as a result of violence
1935 Government of India Act signed
1942 Cripps Mission; August: Quit India Resolution; Gandhi arrested
1945 End of World War II; Labour party elected to power in Britain – promise of independence for India
1946 Muslim Communal Violence
1947 14th August: Pakistani Independence; 15th August: Indian Independence

Indian nationalism developed from the 1880s towards independence in 1947. During India 's journey towards independence there were

Bibliography: Primary Sources: Gandhi M.K. on Hindu-Muslim Unity – excerpts from his Collected Works, Dated between 1921 and 1925, in D. Dalton, (ed.), Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1996. Kahn Sir Sayyid Ahmed, The Present State of Indian Politics: On Congress, 1888, in BN Pandey, (ed.). The Indian Nationalist Movement, 1885-1947: Select Documents, London: Macmillan, 1979 Secondary Sources: Heehs Peter, India 's Freedom Struggle 1857-1947 A Short History, Oxford University Press, 1988 Stein Burton, A History of India, Oxford: Blackwell, 1998 All readings taken from HIST 116 Book of Readings East meets West: Asia in the Age of European Expansion, Victoria University of Wellington, 2005