Hugo Chavez Research Paper

Hugo Chavez. The name alone is instantly recognizable. The sixty-two year old man from Venezuela has made quite the splash with his entrance into the world of politics. His charisma is both mesmerizing and disarming, his upbringing humble and his ideals are revolutionary. Hugo Chavez is a true leader who, following in the footsteps of his lifelong rebel great-grandfather, aims to change the face and direction of the nation of Venezuela. His movements and decisions have garnered global attention and criticism, from the man he attempted to kill to the imperial nation he opposes. So how is it that a man who can create so much controversy can manage to captivate so many people and wield such control over the people of Venezuela? The answer to the
question is simple: Hugo Chavez knows what it means to be a leader, and his actions make his knowledge evident. Hugo Rafael Chavez Frias was born on July 28th, 1954 in the town of Sabaneta, Barinas in Venezuela.
He was the second son of two poor schoolteachers, Hugo de los Reyes Chavez and Elena Frias de Chavez, who lived in the rural section of Sabaneta. Hugo and Elena Chavez had always wished for their children to lead a better life than them, hoping that one day they could live in the prosperous cities, escaping the poverty they found themselves in. As schoolteachers, it was only natural for them to view education as the best means of escaping their current situation, so young Hugo and his older brother Adan were urged to take advantage of the education offered to them, and it was a request Hugo fulfilled. However, despite their family’s problems with the political system and the fact that Hugo’s great-grandfather was a renowned rebel leader, Hugo’s parents did not wish him to be a politician. Elena Chavez wanted her son to be a man of god, and so at a young age Hugo Chavez entered into the priesthood as an altar boy. Chavez only served as an altar boy for a year, but during that time he created a lifelong distrust of religious hierarchies. His distrust began when he was given the task of cleaning and polishing figurines which depicted Jesus and the saints. The task angered Chavez, as the church’s portrayal of Jesus differed from Chavez’s own idea of who Jesus was. In his eyes, the church presented Jesus as an idiot whereas Chavez saw him as a rebel. Throughout his life Chavez
continued to identify with rebels, however, the church’s portrayal of Jesus as something other than a rebel lead to Chavez distrust of religious hierarchies. Despite the fact that Hugo differed with his mother on what his future looked like, he agreed that education was the path leading to it. When Chavez entered into Julian Pino elementary school, he no longer lived with his parents but with his grandmother. This had a strong effect on Hugo’s future because he began to develop a stronger relationship with his grandmother than he had with Elena, his mother. He also began to love baseball at an early age, and the great American pastime became Hugo’s dream. He wished to play professional baseball for the San Francisco Giants, but that dream would never come to fruition. Hugo also became deeply interested in Simon Bolivar, the Venezuelan revolutionary and freedom fighter, and he was so profoundly affected by Bolivar that he began to connect key dates in his own life with important dates of Bolivar’s life. In 1975 Hugo graduated from the Venezuelan Academy of Military Services and began a military career which would end in a failed attempt at a coup in 1992. During his stay in the military Chavez lead a double life, he would feign political neutrality and painted a portrait of obedience for his superiors while at the same time engaging in secret trysts and becoming even more interested in leftist politics. He began to step up his leftist actions in the late 70’s, when he met with his current vice president Jose Rangel, who was at that time running for president, and helped him affix election materials while dressed in his military uniform. In 1982 he proceeded to meet with a group of close associates to serve as witnesses as he undertook a solemn vow, a vow once taken by Bolivar, stating that he would not rest until his people were free. It was a vow he still lives up to today. Hugo Chavez’s leadership styles have changed over the years, changing with his differing leadership positions.
Originally, while he was a general in the army, Hugo primarily relied on coercive power to attempt to lead the government and legitimate power as the head of the Bolivar movement to lead his fellow soldiers. His usage of coercive power was evident during his attempted coup d’état in 1992, as he attempted to remove positive sanctions by stripping the title of President from Carlos Andres Perez. Some may not consider an attempted coup a demonstration of coercive power, but even though the President serves as a leader for the people, he is expected to follow the desires and work in the best interests of the people, and in that fashion the people are his superiors. Chavez’s legitimate style of leadership evolved as he became the leader of the Bolivarian movement, and this new position granted him a new type of power. Although the usage of referent power was applicable with some of the movement’s supporters that Chavez had known for a while, he simply didn’t have the time to form that close bond with every member of the movement and therefore he had to rely on the authoritative power granted him by the position he occupied. He continued to use both legitimate power and referent power following his election into the presidency, although he now began to incorporate reward and referent power as well. He used reward power when he began to reform the Venezuelan government,
granting better health-care to the underprivileged in Venezuela, and devoting a lot of his attention to helping the plight of the lower class, the class status he was born into. His actions displeased much of the upper class, the business industry and the United States of America, which began to dislike Chavez when he began to give preferential oil rates to Cuba. Chavez would go on to publicly criticize the United States and President Bush in particular, utilizing pressure tactics to attempt to end what he perceived as American imperialism. One of his most famous criticisms occurred at a United Nations assembly when he accused President Bush of being the devil. Despite the antagonistic wording of his speech and the obvious negative manner in which it was received in the United States, it was met at the UN with sustained applause, demonstrating another of Chavez’s leadership skills. Chavez constantly utilizes the Five Factor Model of Personality, and his most demonstrable trait is his ability to be agreeable. As the above paragraph shows, Chavez is not agreeable towards everyone, but he does have an entertaining approach that gets through to a lot of people. He has a high degree of empathy and interpersonal sensitivity, and he has been demonstrating both since his early years. In an interview he stated that he would never talk about his belief in Bolivar around his house or around his parents because he knew the negative effect it would have on them, demonstrating his ability to empathize with others. He also demonstrated his ability to empathize with the people during his 1992 coup, when he publicly appeared on television to tell his fellow troops to stop fighting in order to avoid more bloodshed. His appearance on television was brief, but powerful enough to have the people of Venezuela rally for his release from prison and he used the fame he gained from the revolution to take the presidency years later. He is also dependable, as he has proven by keeping his promise to reform Venezuelan politics and by keeping his promise to battle political corruption. He adjusts well to difficult situations, which was clearly demonstrated when he was kidnapped in 2002 during the failed coup of a different general. During this coup the people came together and demanded his freedom, and he was returned to power within 47 hours. The people have played a large part in Chavez’s political career and his actions as a leader. The people’s influence on Chavez is exerted through another leadership device, subordinates’ ratings of effectiveness. The people’s approval ratings of Chavez demonstrate whether they view him as a competent and effective president, and thus whether he is doing his job as a leader. Their approval of Chavez played a larger part in his earlier days when they rallied to have him released from prison. Much of Chavez’s ability to garner such support from the people comes from his ability to understand and utilize Beer’s rational approach to organizational leadership, C=DxMxP>R. He is able to bring about such change within his government because he knows that the people are heavily dissatisfied with the current status quo. He writes strong models, his most important one being the constitution he drafted for Venezuela in 1999. He then uses television appearances and speeches to walk the people through the process he intends to use to bring about this said change, and the attention he pays to the model and the process combined with the growing dissatisfaction help him to overcome the resistance he faces from those benefiting from the status quo. Hugo Chavez is a strong example of an effective leader because his actions bring about change, and because the people support him. He uses Beer’s rational approach in order to motivate the people to agree with his models for change, both quelling rebellion and proving his dependability simultaneously. He uses the many powers available to him to lead his people, embracing conflict and creating change as any true charismatic leader would. His need for power is definitely a social need because he uses power to bring about change for the people, and he seeks to help the oppressed despite the personal problems it may bring about for him, such as the failed coup of 2002. Chavez has strong prospects for the future, as he seeks to unite Latin America and help Latin American countries survive independently, without continued reliance on world superpowers. From Hugo Chavez I learned the importance of socialized power, and also the advantages that coercive power can have if it is used effectively, and I shall use this knowledge to help me become a better leader in the future.

Works Consulted
Gott, Richard. “In The Shadow Of The Liberator.” New York: Verso, 2001.
Chávez, Hugo (2005b), "Hugo Chavez Special: Chavez NYC Speech (Untitled Speech delivered at the Latino Pastoral Action Center in Bronx, New York City)", Democracy Now! [January 26, 2006].
Chávez, Hugo (2005), "Transcript: Hugo Chávez Interview", ABC News / Nightline [January 21, 2006].
Gott, Richard (2005), "Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution", New York: Verso Books, 2006.