The findings that surprised me the most of Darley and Latané were the smoke test. In the smoke test, two actors were placed in a room with an unsuspecting subject. Then, the testers started having smoke pour into the room. When the unsuspecting subject would inquire about the smoke the two actors would seem unconcerned about the smoke. The results found that a majority of the subjects did not act on the smoke (Slater).…
John B. Watson famous “Little Alert Experiment” was best known as a case study showing and proving evidence of classical conditioning and also an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University and its’ first findings were published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology.…
Participants were also deceived about the aim of the experiment then again if they were well informed beforehand then the results would not have been natural. There was also low ecological validity, because the experiment took place in a lab therefore cannot be related to day to day life.…
Leading on from this, Thorndike (1911) described ‘the law of effect’, suggesting that behaviour is more likely to be repeated if it produces a favourable response to the environment. He demonstrated this by conducting an experiment by which a cat was placed within a box. The cat could escape from the box by pressing a lever; once the cat discovered this, the cat was quicker to elicit the response and escape to a favourable environment. In 1913, Watson defined behaviourism as a science which focused on the nature of behaviour, with no scientific experimentation related to introspective stimuli. Watson’s methodological behaviourism focused on experiments where environmental stimulus elicited a response. He concluded that there was “no dividing line between the man and the brute” (Watson, 1913), rejecting the idea of the private behaviour. Jones (1915) agreed with Watson, stating that psychology needed to focus on observable phenomena in order to be considered a science, and “turn its back on all private data”. Skinner (1938) expanded behaviourism to distinguish respondent conditioning, the Pavlovian stimulus-response based, and operant conditioning, which focused on Thorndike’s favourable reoccurrence.…
Milgram’s experiment was the first of its kind, seeing as how similar experiments were repeated afterward, and he wanted to prove that authority was a major part in why people listened to others. This experiment was started after a german soldier claimed he shouldn’t be prosecuted for torturing people during World War Two because he was ‘just following orders’. Of course, this experiment has been questioned over and over. Psychologists…
In the case of Milgram's experiment, if he would have informed his participants that they were being tested on how far they would go when they were ordered to do so, even if it was against their conscience, the participants would never have gone as far as they did and the research would have been fundamentally flawed. There is no accurate way to test human nature if the participants change their behavior based on what is expected of them. "The tendency of people to portray themselves in a more favorable light than their thoughts or actions, is called socially desirable responding (Lalwani)." Socially desirable responding is one of the problems with the use of surveys, and the problem carries over to behavioral studies. If the "teachers" from Milgram's experiment had been told the real purpose of the study, they most likely would have applied far less shock, if they shocked at all because that is what is socially acceptable. No one really knows how far they will go under order until they are faced with…
• In the Cooper & Shepard experiment (1973), participants were asked to decide whether a stimulus…
A study conducted on conformity was by Asch in 1951 to see if participants would conform to majority social influence and give incorrect answers in a blatantly obvious scenario, in a situation where all but one of the 'participants' were confederates. The participants were shown a vertical line and were asked to call out which other 3 lines was the same as the first line.…
Mrs. Elliot third-grade class was able to understand that discrimination and prejudice created barriers which were hard to overcome and rather than judging a person on the color of their skin or how someone eye color could tell who is far more superior, we as human being should love and understand one another. The Asch Conformity Experiment was conducted by Solomon Asch who was a Polish gestalt psychologist. The experiment begins with a man or a woman and seven other subjects, who are actually a part of the research team, however, the man or the women doesn’t know that they are the only real subject. The man or the women along with the seven other subject are to be seated at a small table in a room, meanwhile the experimenter appears into the same room and placed two cards in front of all the subjects, the card on the left contains one vertical line while the card on the right displays three lines of varying length. The Experiment then asked all the subjects to choose which of the three lines on the right card matches the length of the line on the left…
4. How do the ethical dilemmas in this experiment compare with the ethical issues raised by Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments? How would it be beneficial if these experiments had never been conducted. Please elaborate.…
Zimbardo set up his experiment to test the validity of two hypotheses, the dispositional hypothesis and the situational hypothesis. The dispositional hypothesis proposed the following:…
The subjects were placed in a dark room and asked to estimate how far a dot of light moved. In reality the dot was not moving but it appeared to move due to something known as the auto kinetic effect which is an eye illusion where very small movements of the eyes make it appear that a small spot of light is moving in a dark room. When the subjects were asked individually, they established their own individual norms for the judgment and their answers varied considerably (2-6 inches). When they were asked as part of a group (2-3 people) and asked to all agree on the same thing, Sherif found that their responses mingled towards a central mean, noting the tendency to compromise. Sherif's subjects were not aware of this social influence and when they were asked directly if they were influenced by the judgments of the other people in the group during the experiments, most of them denied it. Afterwards, the subjects were tested one at a time again and most of these now conformed to the group judgment they recently made. A subject who had previously settled on an estimate of 2 inches or 6 inches was more likely to say the light was moving about 4 inches after their experience with the group. They had changed due to the group experience, increasing their conformity to group norms. The ecological validity of the experiment is pretty low due to the lab…
Afifi and Metts (1998) report conceptual distinctness between violation importance and violation expectedness; the current results replicate this difference and…
Skinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box.…
“The consequences of behavior determine the probability that the behavior will occur again” - B.F. Skinner. This theme is proven time and time again as Skinner tested his theories with a wide range of subjects. Famous for his research in operant conditioning, Skinner developed a machine designed to show the responses of his tests as a sloped line. Using this device, Skinner discovered that behavior was not dependent upon the preceding action but rather was heavily influenced by the response after.…