Ionic Exchange Chromatography
Anionic Exchange Ion Chromatography to Detect the Anions Concentrations in the water Samples Narendra Boppana, Nasser Ali, Martin Chavez, Sear
Introduction:
Ion Exchange Chromatography is a process where the ionic exchange occurs in between the stationary phase and the sample in the mobile phase, by using this ionic exchange phenomenon it is easy to separate the compounds. Ionic exchange depends on the electrical properties of the anions and cations. Ionic exchange chromatography is important tool in the separation of the charged species mainly in the biological, inorganic and environmental samples.
The main principle involved in the ion exchange chromatography is ion exchange. The ion exchange will …show more content…
be in between ions the ions that are present in the sample which is dissolved in the mobile phase and the counter ions that are located in the stationary phase which is in the column. When the solution of sample which is dissolved in the stationary phase is passed through the stationary phase the ions in the mobile phase binds to the counter ion in the column and elutes one by one slowly. The binding property of the ions in the mobile phase and the counter ion in the stationary phase depends on the electrical properties of the anions and the cations. The ions in the mobile phase which has the less affinity to the counter ion in the stationary phase elutes first than the ion that has strong affinity. Hence the ion that has less affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has less retention time and the ion that has strong affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has more retention time.
Ion Exchange Chromatography was sub divided into two parts 1) cation exchange chromatography 2) anion exchange chromatography. Cationic exchange chromatography is a process where the positively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) bind to the negatively charged resin (stationary phase). Anionic exchange chromatography is a process where the negatively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) binds to the positively charged resin (stationary phase).
Kauffman and his co-workers used the anion exchange chromatography to separate the cobalt from the nickel. Johnson j. b used the ion exchange chromatography to separate and to quantify the complex ions in the samples. Labanda J and his co-workers studied the dynamic adsorption of an anionic dye through the ion-exchange membrane. Bewsher A.D and his co-workers analyzed the anionic components such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, carboxylates and phosphates in the fountain solutions by using the ion exchange chromatography along with the ion-elusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
In this work we used the anionic exchange chromatography to identify the concentrations of seven anions (fluoride, chloride, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, and sulfate) in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to identify the amount of seven anions concentrations in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Materials:
Water samples that were collected from the Gallinas River, Hot springs hot water (HS-hot), Hot springs river water (HS-River), tap water, fish tank water. Sodium carbonate as a mobile phase. Distill water to rinse the column. The water samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles .The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid washed bottles. Dionex ICS-1000 ion chromatography was used to detect the anions concentration in the collected water samples.
Procedure:
The samples that were collected from the different places were dissolved in the mobile phase which is sodium bicarbonate and ran through the cationic resin stationary phase which is in the instrument and data was collected and analyzed.
Results and Discussion:
The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid wash bottles to avoid the contamination of the samples with the ions that might present in the bottle. In this work the samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles which might give less precision results. From the data obtained fluoride has less retention time (3.64 min) than the other six anions in the sample which indicates that the fluoride has less affinity to the counter ion (cation) on the column (less ionic interaction) in the instrument than the other six anions and hence fluoride ions came out first than the other six anions. The sulfate ions has more retention time (15.46 min) than the other anions because the sulfate ions has surface adsorption (ionic interactions) with the column in the instrument, therefore stays more time in the column than the other six anions and thus results more retention time. The increasing order of retention time which is based on affinity of examining ions (anions) in the water samples to the counter ions (cations) in the column is fluoride (3.64 min), chloride(5.87 min), nitrite (7.21 min), bromide (9.24 min), nitrate (10.68 min), phosphate(14.03 min), sulfate(15.46 min).
Sample Sample Name concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm)
No. ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Fluoride Chloride Nitrite Bromide Nitrate Phosphate Sulfate
1 Fish Tank 0.20405 47.89945 0.49695 0.0164 41.41025 3.81 58.0543
2 Tap Water 0.21215 6.6335 0.0348 0.0582 0.0349 n.a. 18.27635
3 HS-Hot 20.50855 188.2172 n.a. 1.5617 n.a. n.a. 44.4526
4 Gallinas River 0.976 19.045 n.a. 0.0881 n.a. n.a. 88.26415
5 HS-River 0.2187 2.3015 n.a. n.a. 0.13065 n.a. 10.92675
6 EPA standard value 4 250 1 1 10 0.1 250
Figure 1. Anionic chromatography results for concentration of anions in the water samples used with EPA standard values.
From the results obtained fluoride, chloride, sulfate anions are present in all the samples that are collected from the different place in the city of Las Vegas (New Mexico).
The phosphate anion is present only the fish tank water this might be due to fish food.
The highest and lowest amount of fluorine anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (20.50 ppm) and fish thank (0.20405 ppm) water respectively, the amount of fluorine concentration present in the HS-hot water is 100.5 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the fish tank water. The tap water and the Gallinas River has almost same amount of fluoride anions concentrations in the water sample. Time (min)
Figure 2. Anionic chromatography reading for the samples used.
The highest and lowest amount of chloride anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (188.2172 ppm) and HS-River (2.3015 ppm) water respectively, the amount of chloride anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 81.78 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the HS-River
water.
The nitrite anion in only present in the fish tank and tap water samples. The highest amount of nitrite anion concentration (0.49695 ppm) is present in fish tank water which is 14.28 times greater than the tap water (0.0348 ppm).
The bromide anion concentration is present in all the four samples except in the HS-River water. The highest and lowest amount of bromide concentration is present in the HS-Hot water (1.5617 ppm) and fish tank (0.0164 ppm) respectively among all the four samples. The amount of bromide anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 95.2 times greater than the amount of bromide anion present in the fish tank.
The nitrate ion was only present in the three samples fish tank, tap water and HS-River water samples among five water samples. The highest and lowest amount of nitrate present in among all the three samples is the fish tank (41.41025 ppm) and tap water (0.0349ppm) samples respectively. The amount of nitrate present in the fish tank is 1186.54 times greater than the amount of nitrate present in the tap water.
The highest and the lowest amount of sulfate anion present in the Gallinas River (88.26415 ppm) and HS-River (10.92675 ppm) among all the five water samples. The amount of sulfate concentration present in the Gallinas River is 8.07 times greater than the amount present in the HS-River.
Conclusion:
From all the five samples the only fish tank water has almost all the examined anions. The concentrations of anions present in the sample were relatively changed depending upon where the sample was collected. Form all the seven ions examined fluoride has the less retention time and high elution strength whereas sulfate has more retention time and less elution strength.
References:
(1) Kubin, R. F.; Fletcher, A. N. Journal of Luminescence 1982, 27 (4), 455–462.
(2) Kauffman, G. B.; Adams, M. L. Journal of Chemical Education 1989, 66(2).
(3) Johnson, B. J. Journal of Chemical Education 2014, 91 (8), 1212–1215.
(4) Labanda, J.; Sabaté, J.; Llorens, J. Journal of Membrane Science 2009,340 (1-2), 234–240.
(5) Bewsher, A. .; Polya, D. .; Lythgoe, P. .; Bruckshaw, I. .; Manning, D. A. Journal of Chromatography A 2001, 920 (1-2), 247–253.
Anionic Exchange Ion Chromatography to Detect the Anions Concentrations in the water Samples Narendra Boppana, Nasser Ali, Martin Chavez, Sear
Introduction:
Ion Exchange Chromatography is a process where the ionic exchange occurs in between the stationary phase and the sample in the mobile phase, by using this ionic exchange phenomenon it is easy to separate the compounds. Ionic exchange depends on the electrical properties of the anions and cations. Ionic exchange chromatography is important tool in the separation of the charged species mainly in the biological, inorganic and environmental samples.
The main principle involved in the ion exchange chromatography is ion exchange. The ion exchange will be in between ions the ions that are present in the sample which is dissolved in the mobile phase and the counter ions that are located in the stationary phase which is in the column. When the solution of sample which is dissolved in the stationary phase is passed through the stationary phase the ions in the mobile phase binds to the counter ion in the column and elutes one by one slowly. The binding property of the ions in the mobile phase and the counter ion in the stationary phase depends on the electrical properties of the anions and the cations. The ions in the mobile phase which has the less affinity to the counter ion in the stationary phase elutes first than the ion that has strong affinity. Hence the ion that has less affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has less retention time and the ion that has strong affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has more retention time.
Ion Exchange Chromatography was sub divided into two parts 1) cation exchange chromatography 2) anion exchange chromatography. Cationic exchange chromatography is a process where the positively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) bind to the negatively charged resin (stationary phase). Anionic exchange chromatography is a process where the negatively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) binds to the positively charged resin (stationary phase).
Kauffman and his co-workers used the anion exchange chromatography to separate the cobalt from the nickel. Johnson j. b used the ion exchange chromatography to separate and to quantify the complex ions in the samples. Labanda J and his co-workers studied the dynamic adsorption of an anionic dye through the ion-exchange membrane. Bewsher A.D and his co-workers analyzed the anionic components such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, carboxylates and phosphates in the fountain solutions by using the ion exchange chromatography along with the ion-elusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
In this work we used the anionic exchange chromatography to identify the concentrations of seven anions (fluoride, chloride, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, and sulfate) in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to identify the amount of seven anions concentrations in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Materials:
Water samples that were collected from the Gallinas River, Hot springs hot water (HS-hot), Hot springs river water (HS-River), tap water, fish tank water. Sodium carbonate as a mobile phase. Distill water to rinse the column. The water samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles .The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid washed bottles. Dionex ICS-1000 ion chromatography was used to detect the anions concentration in the collected water samples.
Procedure:
The samples that were collected from the different places were dissolved in the mobile phase which is sodium bicarbonate and ran through the cationic resin stationary phase which is in the instrument and data was collected and analyzed.
Results and Discussion:
The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid wash bottles to avoid the contamination of the samples with the ions that might present in the bottle. In this work the samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles which might give less precision results. From the data obtained fluoride has less retention time (3.64 min) than the other six anions in the sample which indicates that the fluoride has less affinity to the counter ion (cation) on the column (less ionic interaction) in the instrument than the other six anions and hence fluoride ions came out first than the other six anions. The sulfate ions has more retention time (15.46 min) than the other anions because the sulfate ions has surface adsorption (ionic interactions) with the column in the instrument, therefore stays more time in the column than the other six anions and thus results more retention time. The increasing order of retention time which is based on affinity of examining ions (anions) in the water samples to the counter ions (cations) in the column is fluoride (3.64 min), chloride(5.87 min), nitrite (7.21 min), bromide (9.24 min), nitrate (10.68 min), phosphate(14.03 min), sulfate(15.46 min).
Sample Sample Name concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm)
No. ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Fluoride Chloride Nitrite Bromide Nitrate Phosphate Sulfate
1 Fish Tank 0.20405 47.89945 0.49695 0.0164 41.41025 3.81 58.0543
2 Tap Water 0.21215 6.6335 0.0348 0.0582 0.0349 n.a. 18.27635
3 HS-Hot 20.50855 188.2172 n.a. 1.5617 n.a. n.a. 44.4526
4 Gallinas River 0.976 19.045 n.a. 0.0881 n.a. n.a. 88.26415
5 HS-River 0.2187 2.3015 n.a. n.a. 0.13065 n.a. 10.92675
6 EPA standard value 4 250 1 1 10 0.1 250
Figure 1. Anionic chromatography results for concentration of anions in the water samples used with EPA standard values.
From the results obtained fluoride, chloride, sulfate anions are present in all the samples that are collected from the different place in the city of Las Vegas (New Mexico). The phosphate anion is present only the fish tank water this might be due to fish food.
The highest and lowest amount of fluorine anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (20.50 ppm) and fish thank (0.20405 ppm) water respectively, the amount of fluorine concentration present in the HS-hot water is 100.5 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the fish tank water. The tap water and the Gallinas River has almost same amount of fluoride anions concentrations in the water sample. Time (min)
Figure 2. Anionic chromatography reading for the samples used.
The highest and lowest amount of chloride anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (188.2172 ppm) and HS-River (2.3015 ppm) water respectively, the amount of chloride anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 81.78 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the HS-River water.
The nitrite anion in only present in the fish tank and tap water samples. The highest amount of nitrite anion concentration (0.49695 ppm) is present in fish tank water which is 14.28 times greater than the tap water (0.0348 ppm).
The bromide anion concentration is present in all the four samples except in the HS-River water. The highest and lowest amount of bromide concentration is present in the HS-Hot water (1.5617 ppm) and fish tank (0.0164 ppm) respectively among all the four samples. The amount of bromide anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 95.2 times greater than the amount of bromide anion present in the fish tank.
The nitrate ion was only present in the three samples fish tank, tap water and HS-River water samples among five water samples. The highest and lowest amount of nitrate present in among all the three samples is the fish tank (41.41025 ppm) and tap water (0.0349ppm) samples respectively. The amount of nitrate present in the fish tank is 1186.54 times greater than the amount of nitrate present in the tap water.
The highest and the lowest amount of sulfate anion present in the Gallinas River (88.26415 ppm) and HS-River (10.92675 ppm) among all the five water samples. The amount of sulfate concentration present in the Gallinas River is 8.07 times greater than the amount present in the HS-River.
Conclusion:
From all the five samples the only fish tank water has almost all the examined anions. The concentrations of anions present in the sample were relatively changed depending upon where the sample was collected. Form all the seven ions examined fluoride has the less retention time and high elution strength whereas sulfate has more retention time and less elution strength.
Introduction:
Ion Exchange Chromatography is a process where the ionic exchange occurs in between the stationary phase and the sample in the mobile phase, by using this ionic exchange phenomenon it is easy to separate the compounds. Ionic exchange depends on the electrical properties of the anions and cations. Ionic exchange chromatography is important tool in the separation of the charged species mainly in the biological, inorganic and environmental samples.
The main principle involved in the ion exchange chromatography is ion exchange. The ion exchange will …show more content…
be in between ions the ions that are present in the sample which is dissolved in the mobile phase and the counter ions that are located in the stationary phase which is in the column. When the solution of sample which is dissolved in the stationary phase is passed through the stationary phase the ions in the mobile phase binds to the counter ion in the column and elutes one by one slowly. The binding property of the ions in the mobile phase and the counter ion in the stationary phase depends on the electrical properties of the anions and the cations. The ions in the mobile phase which has the less affinity to the counter ion in the stationary phase elutes first than the ion that has strong affinity. Hence the ion that has less affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has less retention time and the ion that has strong affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has more retention time.
Ion Exchange Chromatography was sub divided into two parts 1) cation exchange chromatography 2) anion exchange chromatography. Cationic exchange chromatography is a process where the positively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) bind to the negatively charged resin (stationary phase). Anionic exchange chromatography is a process where the negatively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) binds to the positively charged resin (stationary phase).
Kauffman and his co-workers used the anion exchange chromatography to separate the cobalt from the nickel. Johnson j. b used the ion exchange chromatography to separate and to quantify the complex ions in the samples. Labanda J and his co-workers studied the dynamic adsorption of an anionic dye through the ion-exchange membrane. Bewsher A.D and his co-workers analyzed the anionic components such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, carboxylates and phosphates in the fountain solutions by using the ion exchange chromatography along with the ion-elusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
In this work we used the anionic exchange chromatography to identify the concentrations of seven anions (fluoride, chloride, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, and sulfate) in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to identify the amount of seven anions concentrations in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Materials:
Water samples that were collected from the Gallinas River, Hot springs hot water (HS-hot), Hot springs river water (HS-River), tap water, fish tank water. Sodium carbonate as a mobile phase. Distill water to rinse the column. The water samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles .The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid washed bottles. Dionex ICS-1000 ion chromatography was used to detect the anions concentration in the collected water samples.
Procedure:
The samples that were collected from the different places were dissolved in the mobile phase which is sodium bicarbonate and ran through the cationic resin stationary phase which is in the instrument and data was collected and analyzed.
Results and Discussion:
The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid wash bottles to avoid the contamination of the samples with the ions that might present in the bottle. In this work the samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles which might give less precision results. From the data obtained fluoride has less retention time (3.64 min) than the other six anions in the sample which indicates that the fluoride has less affinity to the counter ion (cation) on the column (less ionic interaction) in the instrument than the other six anions and hence fluoride ions came out first than the other six anions. The sulfate ions has more retention time (15.46 min) than the other anions because the sulfate ions has surface adsorption (ionic interactions) with the column in the instrument, therefore stays more time in the column than the other six anions and thus results more retention time. The increasing order of retention time which is based on affinity of examining ions (anions) in the water samples to the counter ions (cations) in the column is fluoride (3.64 min), chloride(5.87 min), nitrite (7.21 min), bromide (9.24 min), nitrate (10.68 min), phosphate(14.03 min), sulfate(15.46 min).
Sample Sample Name concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm)
No. ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Fluoride Chloride Nitrite Bromide Nitrate Phosphate Sulfate
1 Fish Tank 0.20405 47.89945 0.49695 0.0164 41.41025 3.81 58.0543
2 Tap Water 0.21215 6.6335 0.0348 0.0582 0.0349 n.a. 18.27635
3 HS-Hot 20.50855 188.2172 n.a. 1.5617 n.a. n.a. 44.4526
4 Gallinas River 0.976 19.045 n.a. 0.0881 n.a. n.a. 88.26415
5 HS-River 0.2187 2.3015 n.a. n.a. 0.13065 n.a. 10.92675
6 EPA standard value 4 250 1 1 10 0.1 250
Figure 1. Anionic chromatography results for concentration of anions in the water samples used with EPA standard values.
From the results obtained fluoride, chloride, sulfate anions are present in all the samples that are collected from the different place in the city of Las Vegas (New Mexico).
The phosphate anion is present only the fish tank water this might be due to fish food.
The highest and lowest amount of fluorine anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (20.50 ppm) and fish thank (0.20405 ppm) water respectively, the amount of fluorine concentration present in the HS-hot water is 100.5 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the fish tank water. The tap water and the Gallinas River has almost same amount of fluoride anions concentrations in the water sample. Time (min)
Figure 2. Anionic chromatography reading for the samples used.
The highest and lowest amount of chloride anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (188.2172 ppm) and HS-River (2.3015 ppm) water respectively, the amount of chloride anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 81.78 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the HS-River
water.
The nitrite anion in only present in the fish tank and tap water samples. The highest amount of nitrite anion concentration (0.49695 ppm) is present in fish tank water which is 14.28 times greater than the tap water (0.0348 ppm).
The bromide anion concentration is present in all the four samples except in the HS-River water. The highest and lowest amount of bromide concentration is present in the HS-Hot water (1.5617 ppm) and fish tank (0.0164 ppm) respectively among all the four samples. The amount of bromide anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 95.2 times greater than the amount of bromide anion present in the fish tank.
The nitrate ion was only present in the three samples fish tank, tap water and HS-River water samples among five water samples. The highest and lowest amount of nitrate present in among all the three samples is the fish tank (41.41025 ppm) and tap water (0.0349ppm) samples respectively. The amount of nitrate present in the fish tank is 1186.54 times greater than the amount of nitrate present in the tap water.
The highest and the lowest amount of sulfate anion present in the Gallinas River (88.26415 ppm) and HS-River (10.92675 ppm) among all the five water samples. The amount of sulfate concentration present in the Gallinas River is 8.07 times greater than the amount present in the HS-River.
Conclusion:
From all the five samples the only fish tank water has almost all the examined anions. The concentrations of anions present in the sample were relatively changed depending upon where the sample was collected. Form all the seven ions examined fluoride has the less retention time and high elution strength whereas sulfate has more retention time and less elution strength.
References:
(1) Kubin, R. F.; Fletcher, A. N. Journal of Luminescence 1982, 27 (4), 455–462.
(2) Kauffman, G. B.; Adams, M. L. Journal of Chemical Education 1989, 66(2).
(3) Johnson, B. J. Journal of Chemical Education 2014, 91 (8), 1212–1215.
(4) Labanda, J.; Sabaté, J.; Llorens, J. Journal of Membrane Science 2009,340 (1-2), 234–240.
(5) Bewsher, A. .; Polya, D. .; Lythgoe, P. .; Bruckshaw, I. .; Manning, D. A. Journal of Chromatography A 2001, 920 (1-2), 247–253.
Anionic Exchange Ion Chromatography to Detect the Anions Concentrations in the water Samples Narendra Boppana, Nasser Ali, Martin Chavez, Sear
Introduction:
Ion Exchange Chromatography is a process where the ionic exchange occurs in between the stationary phase and the sample in the mobile phase, by using this ionic exchange phenomenon it is easy to separate the compounds. Ionic exchange depends on the electrical properties of the anions and cations. Ionic exchange chromatography is important tool in the separation of the charged species mainly in the biological, inorganic and environmental samples.
The main principle involved in the ion exchange chromatography is ion exchange. The ion exchange will be in between ions the ions that are present in the sample which is dissolved in the mobile phase and the counter ions that are located in the stationary phase which is in the column. When the solution of sample which is dissolved in the stationary phase is passed through the stationary phase the ions in the mobile phase binds to the counter ion in the column and elutes one by one slowly. The binding property of the ions in the mobile phase and the counter ion in the stationary phase depends on the electrical properties of the anions and the cations. The ions in the mobile phase which has the less affinity to the counter ion in the stationary phase elutes first than the ion that has strong affinity. Hence the ion that has less affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has less retention time and the ion that has strong affinity to the counter ion on the stationary phase has more retention time.
Ion Exchange Chromatography was sub divided into two parts 1) cation exchange chromatography 2) anion exchange chromatography. Cationic exchange chromatography is a process where the positively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) bind to the negatively charged resin (stationary phase). Anionic exchange chromatography is a process where the negatively charged ions in the sample (dissolved in the mobile phase) binds to the positively charged resin (stationary phase).
Kauffman and his co-workers used the anion exchange chromatography to separate the cobalt from the nickel. Johnson j. b used the ion exchange chromatography to separate and to quantify the complex ions in the samples. Labanda J and his co-workers studied the dynamic adsorption of an anionic dye through the ion-exchange membrane. Bewsher A.D and his co-workers analyzed the anionic components such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, carboxylates and phosphates in the fountain solutions by using the ion exchange chromatography along with the ion-elusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
In this work we used the anionic exchange chromatography to identify the concentrations of seven anions (fluoride, chloride, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, and sulfate) in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to identify the amount of seven anions concentrations in the water samples that were collected from the different places of Las Vegas city (New Mexico).
Materials:
Water samples that were collected from the Gallinas River, Hot springs hot water (HS-hot), Hot springs river water (HS-River), tap water, fish tank water. Sodium carbonate as a mobile phase. Distill water to rinse the column. The water samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles .The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid washed bottles. Dionex ICS-1000 ion chromatography was used to detect the anions concentration in the collected water samples.
Procedure:
The samples that were collected from the different places were dissolved in the mobile phase which is sodium bicarbonate and ran through the cationic resin stationary phase which is in the instrument and data was collected and analyzed.
Results and Discussion:
The water samples are supposed to be collected by using the acid wash bottles to avoid the contamination of the samples with the ions that might present in the bottle. In this work the samples are collected by using the arrowhead drinking water bottles which might give less precision results. From the data obtained fluoride has less retention time (3.64 min) than the other six anions in the sample which indicates that the fluoride has less affinity to the counter ion (cation) on the column (less ionic interaction) in the instrument than the other six anions and hence fluoride ions came out first than the other six anions. The sulfate ions has more retention time (15.46 min) than the other anions because the sulfate ions has surface adsorption (ionic interactions) with the column in the instrument, therefore stays more time in the column than the other six anions and thus results more retention time. The increasing order of retention time which is based on affinity of examining ions (anions) in the water samples to the counter ions (cations) in the column is fluoride (3.64 min), chloride(5.87 min), nitrite (7.21 min), bromide (9.24 min), nitrate (10.68 min), phosphate(14.03 min), sulfate(15.46 min).
Sample Sample Name concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm) concentration (ppm)
No. ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Fluoride Chloride Nitrite Bromide Nitrate Phosphate Sulfate
1 Fish Tank 0.20405 47.89945 0.49695 0.0164 41.41025 3.81 58.0543
2 Tap Water 0.21215 6.6335 0.0348 0.0582 0.0349 n.a. 18.27635
3 HS-Hot 20.50855 188.2172 n.a. 1.5617 n.a. n.a. 44.4526
4 Gallinas River 0.976 19.045 n.a. 0.0881 n.a. n.a. 88.26415
5 HS-River 0.2187 2.3015 n.a. n.a. 0.13065 n.a. 10.92675
6 EPA standard value 4 250 1 1 10 0.1 250
Figure 1. Anionic chromatography results for concentration of anions in the water samples used with EPA standard values.
From the results obtained fluoride, chloride, sulfate anions are present in all the samples that are collected from the different place in the city of Las Vegas (New Mexico). The phosphate anion is present only the fish tank water this might be due to fish food.
The highest and lowest amount of fluorine anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (20.50 ppm) and fish thank (0.20405 ppm) water respectively, the amount of fluorine concentration present in the HS-hot water is 100.5 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the fish tank water. The tap water and the Gallinas River has almost same amount of fluoride anions concentrations in the water sample. Time (min)
Figure 2. Anionic chromatography reading for the samples used.
The highest and lowest amount of chloride anion concentration is present in the HS- hot water (188.2172 ppm) and HS-River (2.3015 ppm) water respectively, the amount of chloride anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 81.78 times greater than the amount of concentration present in the HS-River water.
The nitrite anion in only present in the fish tank and tap water samples. The highest amount of nitrite anion concentration (0.49695 ppm) is present in fish tank water which is 14.28 times greater than the tap water (0.0348 ppm).
The bromide anion concentration is present in all the four samples except in the HS-River water. The highest and lowest amount of bromide concentration is present in the HS-Hot water (1.5617 ppm) and fish tank (0.0164 ppm) respectively among all the four samples. The amount of bromide anion concentration present in the HS-hot water is 95.2 times greater than the amount of bromide anion present in the fish tank.
The nitrate ion was only present in the three samples fish tank, tap water and HS-River water samples among five water samples. The highest and lowest amount of nitrate present in among all the three samples is the fish tank (41.41025 ppm) and tap water (0.0349ppm) samples respectively. The amount of nitrate present in the fish tank is 1186.54 times greater than the amount of nitrate present in the tap water.
The highest and the lowest amount of sulfate anion present in the Gallinas River (88.26415 ppm) and HS-River (10.92675 ppm) among all the five water samples. The amount of sulfate concentration present in the Gallinas River is 8.07 times greater than the amount present in the HS-River.
Conclusion:
From all the five samples the only fish tank water has almost all the examined anions. The concentrations of anions present in the sample were relatively changed depending upon where the sample was collected. Form all the seven ions examined fluoride has the less retention time and high elution strength whereas sulfate has more retention time and less elution strength.