Alternatively, the four ethical principals can be applied to the case of the refusal of blood transfusions and a given cultural group. A patient who is competent in their decision making always overrides the physician’s choice for the patient. Macklin (2003) states that “the respect for persons principle mandates that physicians should comply with the expressed wishes of a competent adult patient even if the predicted consequences are unfavorable or grave” (p. 275-280). No maleficence and beneficence are ethical principles that could be used to contradict the patient’s ethical rights in specific situations. Macklin (2009) states that the “principle of no maleficence requires physicians to avoid harm, whenever possible, so withholding a proven, beneficial treatment is likely to have the consequence of producing harm” (275-280). The next type of ethical principle, beneficence explains that the physician can increase benefits, and reduce detriment to the patient can also be useful when the clinician wishes to give blood to the patient even when the patient opposed the transfusion (Macklin, 2009). In the case of the blood transfusion scenario, all four principles cannot be adequately used to solve ethical issues in the healthcare organization. Macklin (2009) states…