A 22 year old married female comes to endocrinologist for evaluation, she want to have kids but has not attained her menarche (primary amenorrhea). She also noticed a mass in the right groin (undescended testis), not associated with pain. No c/o vomiting, abdominal pain or any other associated complication. She also have frequent back pain and knee joint pains (osteoporosis).…
Initial consultation is performed for a 78-year-old woman with unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. A comprehensive history and examination is performed.…
Endoanal ultrasound and MRI are both used to evaluate the anal canal and distal rectum. Disruption of the internal and external anal sphincter and muscles of the pelvic floor, fistulous pathology, masses are seen on both of these modalities. Endoanal US, which can be performed in the office, has a learning curve associated with its technique and there tends to be greater user variability as opposed to MRI. (18)…
Discuss the questions that would be important to include when interviewing a patient with this issue. Questions that increase the patient risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy should be asked and they include: history of previous tubal surgery, previous ectopic pregnancy, in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, previous genital infections, infertility, current smoking, and previous intrauterine device use (Lozeau, & Potter, 2005). Questions about menstrual cycles as well as the pelvic pain should be inquired. The PQRST mnemonic guide can be used for a complete pelvic pain history as follows: P3 – Positional, palliating, and provoking factors; Q – Quality; R3 – Region, radiation, referral; S – Severity; T3 – Temporal factors (time and mode of onset,…
That's why women need to be extra conscientious about any changes they notice within their bodies. Often, women don't want to feel dramatic about something that could potentially be nothing at all, so they are embarrassed to go to the doctor or talk to their partners about it. No one wants to feel like they are constantly making a big fuss out of nothing. But being a woman puts you at the unique risk of developing gynecologic diseases such as ovarian cancer. And because it's often deadly when finally diagnosed, it's important that we try to catch this as early as…
tortuous pain. She will go as far as begging the doctors to stop the test or the experimental…
Ecological succession from a pioneer community to a climax community is an easy process to understand once you know each step. Ecological succession is the transition in the species composition of a biological community, often following ecological disturbance of the community. There are two types of ecological succession, primary and secondary. Primary succession is the establishment of a biological community in an area virtually barren of life, where there were originally no organisms and where soil has not yet formed. Secondary succession is a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact. With primary succession, the first species…
In 2009, President Barack Obama used an executive order to lift certain limitations on federal funding for embryonic stem cell research (“Embryos and Unintended Consequences”). In 1973, the United States legalized abortion with the landmark supreme court case Roe vs. Wade. According to The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, stems cells are, “a renewable source of tissue that can be coaxed to become different cell types of the body.” Embryonic stem cells in particular are, “stem cells derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors” (Stem Cell Basics III). The conflict of what is considered “ethical” in regards to unborn human…
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a disorder that can cause abdominal pain and cramping, and changes in bowel movements (“Irritable bowel syndrome”, 2011). Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a functional GI disorder (Lehrer, 2012). IBS affects a person’s colon, also known as the large intestine, but it does not cause permanent damage, which is a good thing (“Clinic Staff”, 2011)! Other symptoms can be diarrhea, constipation, and bloating gas (“Clinic staff”, 2011). Irritable Bowel Syndrome can be a very troublesome disease, causing heaps of symptoms, pain,…
In some cases symptoms may also include rectal bleeding; urgent bowel movements, constipation and fever. In order to diagnose IBD doctors use a series of blood tests to determine if certain antibodies are present and to diagnose which type of inflammatory bowel disease the patient has. Blood tests allow doctors to look for signs associated with inflammation and intestinal disease. Doctors may also examine stool samples or administer a colonoscopy. The presence of white blood cells in a patient’s stool indicates an inflammatory disease, possibly IBD. The two most prevalent forms of IBD are Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. The cause of IBD is still not known. However, there is evidence that shows a greater risk if a close relative has the disease, suggesting a strong genetic component. “Crohn’s Disease is a condition of chronic inflammation potentially involving any location of the gastrointestinal tract, but it frequently affects the end of the small bowel and the beginning of the large bowel. In Crohn’s Disease, all layers of the intestine may be involved and there can be normal healthy bowel between patches of diseased…
Some people might say three person IVF is disgusting as some religions like Islam believe but some people might say it helps people physically as well as mentally. It is 45,000 women in the UK go on anti-depressants because they cannot have children or if it is hard for them to conceive naturally, they won’t be able to handle…
Risk factors are bleeding after menopause is usually the first sign. If that happens, the chances are one in three that you have this cancer. For women who haven't gone through menopause, bleeding between periods might signal either endometrial or cervical cancer. Other symptoms of endometrial cancer include pain during intercourse and painful or difficult urination. Those you can't control include genetics or family history, and environmental exposures or behaviors that occurred in the past. Those you can control include your current and future behavior, including diet and exercise, and your current and future environmental exposures, such as to tobacco smoke or other chemicals. Remember that risk factors are not absolute: having one or more risk factors does not mean you will definitely get cancer, and avoiding risk factors does not guarantee you will be healthy. They certainly affect your odds. Because behavior is the major contributor to cancer risk, every healthful change that you make can lower your risk further. Even though you are starting at a below-average risk level, there are probably several things you can do to lower your risk further. Behavior changes that can further reduce your risk are discussed below. Going to a health professional for regular pelvic exams may pick up changes in your uterus and can be good for your health. If you have any of the following symptoms you should see your healthcare provider. While they are most likely not caused by uterine cancer, these symptoms should be evaluated. 1- Abnormal vaginal bleeding. 2- Cramping or pain in the pelvis or lower abdomen. 3- Bleeding after sexual intercourse.…
In the twenty-first century, everyone wants what they want, when they want it. Our culture is obsessed with immediacy. Because of our human nature, we want to be able to choose everything, even our consequences, despite our action. Sometimes a person getting what they desire is a good thing, but it can also be bad. There are many choices on debate. and one of them is a mother’s choice to keep or kill her baby. Seemingly linked to that, is the choice to be pregnant at all. Although the rampant use of birth control among young women has caused uproar in society because of its relation to abortion and religious and health reasons, it is important to know exactly what kind of birth control is being discussed, how it works, and why people are against it. Not all forms of birth control are abortion, but that…
During the 1920s the United States had experienced changes within the traditional value system that had become the norm for the country. The suffrage of women was coming to a head as women were granted rights and freedoms that were normally denied in the male driven society. After 1920 the women’s right movement began to transform the mob mentality of taking into the respectable ideas that we see today. One of the rights that women gained was the right to choose to use birth control.…
Endometriosis is a painful, chronic disease that occurs when tissue, called the endometrium is found outside the uterus. Common symptoms include lower abdomen pain, often described as “cramp-like” pain. Other symptoms associated with endometriosis are pelvic pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and infertility. Pain can also appear in the lower belly, legs and back. The type of pain felt depends on where the endometrial tissue has grown in the abdomen. Another term for endometrial tissue is endometrial implants. These implants can grow outside the womb or in the wall of a fallopian tube. The bowel and bladder can also be affected, which can lead to problems with urination and bowel movements.…