for all humans. These rights include those of an individual’s inalienable rights to life, pursuit for happiness and liberty. These beliefs are held by Gunnar Myrdal among other scholars and are bundled together in what is referred to as the American creed; which developed after the civil war. Gerstle refers to this theory as civic nationalism, and clearly articulates that the core role of this principle is to promote freedom and democracy amongst all Americans.
Carnegie recognizes the importance of understanding the system as it is today but takes a look back into the past where the employer worked with the employees and were subjected to the same conditions. He discusses further and compares America as it was in the past, a land of hope to today’s capitalism that has denied the poor a chance to rise. In his work, he notes that the problem that has come with this age is the administration of wealth problem, where wealth is tied to brotherhood, binding the rich and the poor in such a relationship. He notes that the conditions of the humans have been revolutionalized in the past centuary where, in the past, there was little difference in food, dressing, dwelling places and the environment. Notably, today he notes that a millionaire owns palaces while his laborers live in cottages. He explores this as a result that has come with civilization and looks at the society today as inevitable but unfair. Carnegie notes that whether we may wish to go back to the old times, the present is inevitable and that it is a waste of time to criticize the
expected.
Gerstle continues to present two ideals in his book noting that both the civic and racial ideal that developed in America after civil war have continued to shape the history of America in the centuries that have come and will come long after. He notes that the ideals have influenced the immigration and war immobilization policies, it has also been charged with shaping of social reforms, shaping of civil rights as well as shaping communal imagination. The liberals of 1960 that include Thomas bell among others have been known as the architects of the civil revolution of 1960, committed to the civic nationalist tradition that advocated heavily for equality across all races and ethnic backgrounds.
Looking into the work of Gerstle, Carnegie and Lear, we realize that the American nation has undergone significant transformations, very different from what it used to be before the civil war. Deep rooted in its political and social development agenda is the concept of freedom and equality for all. These principles have continued to make America what it is today. However, Carnegie notes that instead of creating the much-expected integration, the nation continues to be divided further along economic lines.