Lifespan Development. Influences of Nature and Nurture on a 4 Year Old Child
HS1005
Environmental Influences
Throughout this assignment I will be discussing the development of a four year old child. With the support of relevant theories including the work of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, I will discuss the environmental influences that promote the physical, cognitive and psychosocial development of a four year old child. I will also review the importance of play in the child’s development and propose an activity of play that would enhance the child’s development.
In the world of a four year old child there is a lot of changing. For in the fourth year in most western societies this is the time they will most commonly begin attending kindergarten/preschool. Energetic and imaginative best describe the 4-year-old. Imagination suddenly becomes greater than life for the 4-year-old, who often confuses reality and "make-believe." Four-year-olds feel good about the things they can do, show self-confidence, and are willing to try new adventures (Lesia Oesterreich, 2010).
Growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills and health are all parts of physical development (Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2010). By the fourth year the child has attained greater control over the smaller muscles, improving drawing skills and abilities to tie shoelaces and fasten buttons. Their balance also improves, so they also are now better at running, hopping, skipping and throwing balls.
According to child psychologist and theorist Erik Erikson, the four year old child is according to his theory, in the initiative versus guilt stage. This means the child is becoming more independent and confident in their abilities. This initiative is moderated by guilt as the child realises that their initiative may place them in conflict with others (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2004).
All young children need help to establish patterns of good eating and exercise for their present well being and for the years ahead.
Environmental Influences
Throughout this assignment I will be discussing the development of a four year old child. With the support of relevant theories including the work of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, I will discuss the environmental influences that promote the physical, cognitive and psychosocial development of a four year old child. I will also review the importance of play in the child’s development and propose an activity of play that would enhance the child’s development.
In the world of a four year old child there is a lot of changing. For in the fourth year in most western societies this is the time they will most commonly begin attending kindergarten/preschool. Energetic and imaginative best describe the 4-year-old. Imagination suddenly becomes greater than life for the 4-year-old, who often confuses reality and "make-believe." Four-year-olds feel good about the things they can do, show self-confidence, and are willing to try new adventures (Lesia Oesterreich, 2010).
Growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills and health are all parts of physical development (Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2010). By the fourth year the child has attained greater control over the smaller muscles, improving drawing skills and abilities to tie shoelaces and fasten buttons. Their balance also improves, so they also are now better at running, hopping, skipping and throwing balls.
According to child psychologist and theorist Erik Erikson, the four year old child is according to his theory, in the initiative versus guilt stage. This means the child is becoming more independent and confident in their abilities. This initiative is moderated by guilt as the child realises that their initiative may place them in conflict with others (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2004).
All young children need help to establish patterns of good eating and exercise for their present well being and for the years ahead.
References: Barhyte, D. M. (2010). Break out the funny bedtime stories: Reading activities with young children. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from http://www.eduguide.org/Parents-Library/Funny-Bedtime-Stories-Reading- 1921.aspx Berger, K Dowling, M. (2010). Young children’s personal, social and emotional development. (3rd ed.). London: Sage publications Ltd. Elkins, M. (2010). Ready, Set, Routine!!: The Importance of Routines in Children’s Lives. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from http://www.lowershoreccrc.org/routinesarticlemelkins.htm Kail, R Kitchener, R. F. (1986). Piaget’s theory of knowledge: Genetic Epistemology & Scientific Reasoning. United States of America.: The Alpine Press. Kramer, L., & Conger, K. G. (2009). Sibling as agents of socialisation. New directions for child and adolescent development, 126, 61-77. Retrieved April 22, 2010, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123188827/abstract LaHaye, P Lesia Oesterreich, M.S. (1995). Ages and stages: four year olds. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Extension. Retrieved April 29, 2010, from http://www.nncc.org/Child.Dev/ages.stages.4y.html Oxford University Press Papalia, D., Olds, S., & Feldman, R. (2009). Human Development. (11th Ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Papalia, D., Olds, S YMCA Sydney. (2010). Get active: Kindergym. Retrieved April 28, 2010, from the YMCA Sydney website, http://www.ymcasydney.org/activity/kindergym