Methods Of Removing Lead Nitrate (NO3 From Water Lab Report
3: Variables
Independent variable: The methods of removing lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) from water. There are various ways to remove lead dissolved into water. Many of them are expensive and/or very industrial. Due to my circumstances, I chose five that were somewhat doable. The five methods are coagulation, carbon filtering, reverse osmosis, ground coffee filtering, and distillation. Coagulation was done by using a flocculant (aluminum sulfate) that clump small, destabilized particles together so that it could be easy separated from the water. Carbon filtering is a common way of removing impurities from water. At industrial strength, it is very effective at removing lead from water. Reverse osmosis is achieved by applying pressure to the lead nitrate …show more content…
Measure conductivity.
Repeat steps 18-21 for precision.
Measure the conductivity of the next 300 ml lead nitrate solution.
Add solution to a flask that connects to the distillation apparatus.
Collect solution in a beaker and measure conductivity.
Repeat steps 23-25 for precision.
4.3: Risk Assesment
Safety considerations: Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) is very hazardous in case of ingestion, skin contact, eye contact or inhalation. Therefore, to ensure safety during the experiment, latex gloves, goggles, and mask were worn.
Environmental considerations: Toxic in water, has adverse effects on fish and sea life.
5: Raw Data
5.1: Qualitative observations
The color of the solution and odor was affected by coffee grounds only. The pH was unaffected.
6: Processed Data
The average conductivity change was found by the following formula
The sum of the change in conductivity divided by the number of trials
Example calculation displaying how the average conductivity of lead nitrate solution was calculated for coagulation
-2.3 + -2.0 + -3.2 + -2.8 + -2.2 = -2.5
5
7: Calculation of Random …show more content…
My processed data is mostly consistent with previous knowledge of lead removal.
8.3: Weaknesses The apparatuses use for the methods were not up to par with those that would be used in industrial settings or major lab settings. In the reverse osmosis filter, the entirety of the lead nitrate solution was not filtered through, as some liquid was lost within the filter or leaked through the tubing. For the distillation, not all of the solution was distilled, but a sufficient amount to measure the conductivity was.
8.4: Extensions A possible extension to this experiment would be to deduce the parts per billion of lead lead over after the methods, and whether it reaches the standard for potable water. I would love to have known how much out of the lead nitrate in the solution was filtered out, however I did not have the proper information of materials to do
Independent variable: The methods of removing lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) from water. There are various ways to remove lead dissolved into water. Many of them are expensive and/or very industrial. Due to my circumstances, I chose five that were somewhat doable. The five methods are coagulation, carbon filtering, reverse osmosis, ground coffee filtering, and distillation. Coagulation was done by using a flocculant (aluminum sulfate) that clump small, destabilized particles together so that it could be easy separated from the water. Carbon filtering is a common way of removing impurities from water. At industrial strength, it is very effective at removing lead from water. Reverse osmosis is achieved by applying pressure to the lead nitrate …show more content…
Measure conductivity.
Repeat steps 18-21 for precision.
Measure the conductivity of the next 300 ml lead nitrate solution.
Add solution to a flask that connects to the distillation apparatus.
Collect solution in a beaker and measure conductivity.
Repeat steps 23-25 for precision.
4.3: Risk Assesment
Safety considerations: Lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) is very hazardous in case of ingestion, skin contact, eye contact or inhalation. Therefore, to ensure safety during the experiment, latex gloves, goggles, and mask were worn.
Environmental considerations: Toxic in water, has adverse effects on fish and sea life.
5: Raw Data
5.1: Qualitative observations
The color of the solution and odor was affected by coffee grounds only. The pH was unaffected.
6: Processed Data
The average conductivity change was found by the following formula
The sum of the change in conductivity divided by the number of trials
Example calculation displaying how the average conductivity of lead nitrate solution was calculated for coagulation
-2.3 + -2.0 + -3.2 + -2.8 + -2.2 = -2.5
5
7: Calculation of Random …show more content…
My processed data is mostly consistent with previous knowledge of lead removal.
8.3: Weaknesses The apparatuses use for the methods were not up to par with those that would be used in industrial settings or major lab settings. In the reverse osmosis filter, the entirety of the lead nitrate solution was not filtered through, as some liquid was lost within the filter or leaked through the tubing. For the distillation, not all of the solution was distilled, but a sufficient amount to measure the conductivity was.
8.4: Extensions A possible extension to this experiment would be to deduce the parts per billion of lead lead over after the methods, and whether it reaches the standard for potable water. I would love to have known how much out of the lead nitrate in the solution was filtered out, however I did not have the proper information of materials to do