In my opinion, I feel that the author of “Nickel and Dimed”, Barbara Ehrenreich, had…
a point that girls, blacks, and Hispanics are frequently not found in higher paying jobs…
When Immigrants first arrived in America, various types of jobs were available to men and women at dockyards, gas refineries, ironworks, slaughterhouses, book publishers, sweatshops, and factories producing everything from clocks, pencils, and glue, to cakes, beer, and cigars. The work was not always safe and the work environment was not always healthy. The workers were not always provided with all the necessary equipment to complete the job successfully. These types of jobs relied heavily on hard labor, long hours and harsh working conditions-all for very little…
While forced to largely remain in the domestic service and agricultural labor jobs they had performed during their enslavement8, freedwomen made a point of shaping their own working conditions and collectively resisting white employers' attempts to re-establish master-slave dynamics. They would, for example, refuse to work the fields with white overseers and to sign labor contracts.9 Domestic servants would dictate their own hours and split tasks to ensure only parts of the household work fell to them, as well as decline living in the servants quarters in the houses.10 These changes were reactions to the limited work opportunities, as African American women were excluded from about 86 percent of employment categories at the time11, to ensure their personal safety and stability for their own families in a society that made upward mobility for them near…
A prominent difference between the three groups of racial-ethnic mothers historically is that while African-American mothers were often encouraged to form families to increase the slave labor force, Chinese women were prohibited from starting families in America by law and also because they were often left behind in China. In contrast to African-American mothers, who experienced a somewhat egalitarian division of labor in the home, Chinese mothers often performed all domestic work because of the split household family system, and Mexican-American mothers also took on most of the domestic work.…
In fact, approximately 80% of black women worked in the domestic service (Freeman-Shaw 19). Later on, when they did start working in the industrial industry, they were paid significantly less than men and white women (Freeman-Shaw 19). Therefore, women are not being paid the same amount as men for doing the same exact job. In addition, minority groups were further discriminated against and did not receive the same…
Women 's studies and the early waves of feminism were initially dominated by the experiences of white middle-class women, thus leaving Latinas, like other women of color, feeling excluded or not fully represented. Outside of women 's studies, ethnic studies also left Latinas feeling the same, in that they focused on issues of racial and ethnic oppression and cultural nationalism, while ignoring the critical issues of sexism and heterosexism. Women and women 's issues were only seen as "White," thus denying Latinas and other women of color their full identity. Eventually, Latina women joined other women of color in the introduction of gender issues into ethnic studies and critical race issues in women 's studies. Their actions were taking a…
However, African Americans were slotted into unskilled and service labor. Though this was not unexpected, it did narrow the opportunities provided to such a large group of people. Typically, the “range of job opportunities for black women was more narrow than for men. Black women were excluded from small manufacturing plants that hired white women [...] They were confined primarily to domestic labor in private homes as cooks, maids, and child-nurses” (Hunter 278). Nevertheless, African American women were insistent on working by their own terms. Though they had little to no choice in what they did for a living, black women would use “the marginal leverage they could exercise in the face of conflict between employers to enhance their wages and to improve the conditions of work” (Hunter 280). In other words, black women challenged class inequality by standing up to their employers when they believed they were being overworked or…
Despite women's rapid entry into the labour force they continue to do most of the shopping, cooking and cleaning, amounting to what sociologists call a "second shift", a shift which introduces considerable stress to their lives.…
In the past, women were mainly characterized as mothers and house wives in the Hispanic culture. They had to stay home to care for their infants and provide the food for their family. Hispanic women were less educated because men were seen as the superior individuals that brought the financial stability for their family and were more educated. Traditionally, Hispanic girls were taught at an early age how to do the chores in the house. So that when they became women and got married they already knew how to be house wives. It was disrespectful if women did not follow the tradition in the Hispanic culture. Throughout the years, Hispanic women have gained rights and respect because now they have the same capacity to work and provide for their family.…
Hispanic women’s salaries show the largest gap, at 54 percent of white men’s earnings. Black women’s salaries stand at 64 percent of white men’s earnings. White men are used as a benchmark, because they make up the largest demographic group in the labor force. (“AAUW”) There seems to also be a trend in how that gap widens as women get older. Studies have shown that women about 90 percent of what men are paid until they hit 35. After that the earnings are typically 75-80 percent of what men are paid. In recent years there has not been significant improvements across racial and ethnic groups. In 2014, the ratio of women’s to mend’s median weekly full-time earnings was 82.5 percent, an increase of just 0.4 percentage points, since 2013, when the ratio was 82.1 percent. (The Gender Wage Gap: 2014; Earnings Differences by Race and Ethnicity)…
Throughout the years men have been superior to women in labor and in gender. It’s no surprise that even to this day men are still at a higher level than women. It is a fact that women are paid less than men by a vast amount. During the American Revolution women were mostly at home serving as house maids while men did work labor and brought home the money. In the year 1970, white men were paid 100 percent of their earnings while white women got paid 58.7 percent, there is no denying the difference in the wage gap between genders. In addition, the wage gap didn't affect gender only it affected race and ethnicity. In that same year 1970, black men got paid 69.0 percent of their earnings while black women got paid 48.2 percent, it was always men…
It is no secret that for centuries, women have faced years and years of discrimination, inferiority to men, and being viewed as less than human by society. Women have had to fight for their right to vote amongst other legal rights, and for their independence from their husbands. “When American women began to enter the labor force in the nineteenth century, the relatively few jobs open to them were highly segregated by gender” (Spain 1992: 14). The first women’s labor union began to form by the end of the 1930’s. Women’s activism began to increase, leading to a new reform in paid work and the rise in feminism in the midst of a new labor movement (Gregory 2003: 25). By the 1940’s, the transition of the housewife to that of a working woman began to trend. Women began to venture out of the home in search of employment and educational opportunities to help provide for their families, since their…
Every day, from almost every company, in every part of the world, millions of men and women receive unequal wages in their day to day careers. Even here in America, with over 77,000 workers ("Workers Paid Hourly Rates" 1), there are drastic differences between ranks. "In 2014, female full-time workers made only 79 cents for every dollar earned by men" ("Equality and Discrimination" 1). However, the diversity occurs not just between men and women, but also between races. The female wage gap appears largest for Hispanic and Latina women, who were paid only 54% of what white men, were paid in 2014 (Hill 4). While countless Americans may not see an obstacle, that is exactly the issue. In order for a healthier nation to exist with a better basis…
As of 2016 Latinas are the lowest paid racial group in the united states the highest paid racial group is white women “they earn on average 60 cents for every dollar earned by a Caucasian male.” Whereas Latinas “earn 58 cents on the dollar” now two cents may not seem like a lot to lack but at the end of the day some Latina mothers may see those two cents as necessary when trying to feed their families. These wage gaps may be attributed to the fact that “lower shares of Hispanics are college educated.”(pewresearch) With just a little push from Latinitas it is possible that girls who did not see a cap and gown in their future could one day be turning the tassel to the left and closing the wage gap one Latina at a…