Nt1310 Unit 4.1 Case Study
Exercise 4.1. Why are standards so important for NICs, connectors, and media? The NIC works at the physical and Data Link Layer only and does not use TCP or IP those are programs that are on your computer. Standards are put in place to make everything work good and ease. They are also developed to allow teaching. Without having standards there is chaos, in the computer world chaos means everyone goes back to using typewriters and mailing things through the post office.
Exercise 4.1.2
The voltage for registering a bit of 1 on Ethernet can be as low as 2.5 volts or even 1 volt. Why is this so low when the capacity for transmitting electricity on the copper wire is so high? Because the voltage used to transmit data needs only be high enough for the …show more content…
receiver to detect it. Making the voltage higher would make the receiver electronics more difficult
Exercise 4.1.3
What are some applications of shielded copper cable? Why is the more expensive shielded cable used in these situations?
A very common application is the health care field. Shielded copper cable is often used in health care facilities for its efficiency and resistance to flame. An area such as a production/factory floor where heavy equipment is being used is a prime example of a place where you might consider a shielded cable.
Exercise 4.1.
4 Complete the entries in Table 4- 1. Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answer. The common connector for interfacing UTP wires to a computer for networking is the Registered Jack 45 ( RJ- 45) interface. This uses eight copper wires ( four twisted pairs) to complete the connec-tion between interfaces. The pinout for these wires defines the order in which the individual wires connect to the network interface card and how the wires transition from one end of the cable to the other. A straight cable is used to connect a device to a network hub or switch. This type of cable does not change the wiring order from one end to the other.
Category Maximum Speed Application
1 1 Mbps Telephone cabling (POTS)
2 4 Mbps Token Ring
3 10 Mbps Token Ring and 10BASE-T
4 16 Mbps Token Ring
5 100 Mbps Ethernet (10 Mbps), Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) & Token ring (16 Mbps)
5e 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet
6a 10 GbE “virtualization,” particularly as it applies to servers
Exercise 4.1.5
A crossover cable is a type of cable used to connect similar devices, such as one computer connecting directly to another computer. Using Figure 4- 1 and Table 4- 2 as an example, create the diagram and color coding for a crossover cable. Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answer. Hint: The crossover cable is more complex than simply reversing the entire set of wires. You are wiring the input pins to the output pins and vice versa.
Exercise 4.1.6
Briefly describe the layered construction of a coaxial cable from the inner core to the outer insulation.
The inner is a usually solid copper, stranded copper or copper plated steel wire surrounded by an insulating layer, enclosed by a shield, typically one to four layers of woven metallic braid and metallic tape.
Exercise 4.1.7
Based solely on the distance limitation of UTP cable, what should you guarantee about any network you plan for UTP cable?
Tace care about the distance limitations of UTP cables, we can guarantee that all nodes of the network should be no further than 80 – 90 meters from one another.
Exercise 4.1.8
What type of cable is necessary for each connection in Figure 4- 2: straight or crossover? You can assume that S1 and S2 do not have the ability to resolve crossovers (called Auto- MDIX).
Considering that S1 and S2 do not have the ability to resolve crossovers that would mean that a straight-through cable must be used when setting up the network .
Exercise 4.1.9
If all the connections in the network from Figure 4- 2 use UTP cable, will they all be able to communicate correctly? If not, which links will not function and what should be done to resolve the issue?
UTP cable is usually for networks, that connected nodes relatively close to each other and in this set-up some of the nodes are a bit far from each other. It isn’t that the ones with greater distance from each other will not function at all, just simply that they will not always communicate well with each other.
Exercise 4.1.10
Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following network testing devices:
Multimeter: used to measure two or more electrical quantities in an electric circuit, as voltage, resistance, and current
Tone generator: software to generate, play and save audio test tones, sound frequencies or white noise on Windows or Mac computers
Pair scanner: used to test Ethernet cables
Time domain reflectometer (TDR): used to characterize and locate faults in metallic.
Exercise 4.2.1
The light in an SMF cable travels down the center of the fiber parallel to the direction of the fiber in a single path. Can this type of cable be used to transmit and receive bits simultaneously, or does it require one fiber for transmitting and one for receiving?
These cables can only transmit and receive bits in one direction; they cannot transmit simultaneously. If there were incoming light, either node would not be able to determine if the transmission is coming from the local node or remote node. In many instances when two way transmission is necessary, it is recommended that two cables are used, one to send bits and one to receive bits.
Exercise 4.2.2
What characteristics of fiber- optic cables allow them to be used over longer distances with less risk than copper cable?
One characteristic is that fiber-optic cables do not create EMI effects, and are not affected by them. So they work much better in places with lots of electrical noise. In addition, the electronic pulse can travel much longer in a fiber-optic cable rather than a copper cable.
Exercise 4.2.3
MMF distances can still far exceed copper cable, but MMF cannot match the distance available from the more expensive SMF. What is the reason for the distance limitation with the use of MMF?
MMF uses LEDs and LED lights disperse which means that their distance is shorter than the SMF. SMFs use lasers which is a more powerful focused beam of light which can travel much longer than a MMF cable.
Lab 4.2 Review
1. What is the bend radius for a fiber- optic cable? Why is it important to adhere to the bend radius restrictions for fiber- optic cable?
Usually the manufacturer would provide the specific minimum radius to which the cable may safely be bent during installation. If no minimum bend radius is specified, one is usually safe in assuming a minimum long-term los-stress radius not less than 15 times the cable diameter. Adhering to this bend rule is very important in order to minimize micro bending and macro bending loss. Macro bending causes light attenuation induced by deformation of the fiber while macro bending causes the leakage of light through the fiber cladding.
2. Fiber- optic cables are often bundled together into thicker cables for wiring multiple devices in a location or to travel over long distances. What layers of the standard fiber- optic cable are necessary for each individual glass filament in order for them to be bundled together with other fibers?
The core is the actual glass filament, the cladding for reflecting straying light back into the core, and the buffer acts as a shock absorber and the strengthener prevents damage from handling. These are the layers that are necessary for multiple filaments to be bundled together.
Exercise 4.3.1
Use your textbook and Internet research to complete the comparison in Table 4- 3. Cite the sources from which you retrieved the information to complete the comparison.
Type Maximum
Distance Maximum Speed Cost
UTP 100 M 1 Gbps Low
Pros: Easy to install, inexpensive, NICs are common in devices.
Cons: Limited distance, subject to interference
Coaxial(Thinnet) 607 Ft 100 Mbps Low
Pros: Durable construction
Cons: Hard to get into tight places, tough to bend.
Coaxial(Thicknet) 500 M 100 Mpbs Medium
Pros: Flexible and easy to install; relatively good resistance to electronic interference; relatively inexpensive
Cons: Short cable length; more expensive than UTP; unsecure; hard to change configuration;
MMF 2 Km + 100 Mpbs + High
Pros: Not affected by electrical interference
Cons: Most expensive, not very flexible, not easy to work with,
SMF 2 Km + 100 Mpbs + High
Pros: Not affected by electrical interference
Cons: Most expensive, not very flexible, not easy to work with, Exercise 4.3.2
Rank the three main types of cable ( UTP, SMF, and MMF) in a hierarchy of use for connecting network devices based on your completed comparison table.
SMF – Fastest connection, most expensive but worth the money
MMF – Faster connection, less expensive
UTP – Cheapest all around
Exercise 4.3.3
Using the description of Network A and Figure 4- 4, create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs. Justify your choices.
Well for the main line from S2 to R1, I would recommend coaxial thicknet along that path because of the huge amount of interference that would be caused by running thru the factory floor.
To get the best data transmission from R1 to S1 and S2, I would recommend using just using UTP which would maximize data transfer without braking the bank.
Exercise 4.3.4
Using the description of Network B and Figure 4- 5, create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs. Choose whether you want to connect the three routers in full mesh and explain your choice. Justify your choices.
Create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs.
Well since cost is not an issue with this build, then I would recommend fiber running the long distances because that would give you the fastest transfer possible over the long distances. From that point I would switch over to coax thicknet because of the durability and reliability to provide constant, steady throughput.
Exercise 4.3.5
Using the description of Network C and Figure 4- 6, create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs. Justify your choices.
Create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s
needs.
I start running coax thick net through the walls to ensure that all electrical interference would be avoided. From this point, I would move everything else thru UTP to save you money and still attain what type of speeds you are looking for.
Lab 4.3 Review
1. As the cost of copper increases and the cost of fiber- optic cable decreases, eventually fiber might be less expensive for local network connections than copper cable. What are some barriers to widespread adoption of fiber in place of UTP?
Fiber would need to be installed in most places. There are only a handful of places that have fiber running through them. The process of installing fiber is still a very expensive property.
2.Most wireless devices for home and small office use have an effective broadcast radius of 35 meters ( or approximately 115 feet) and can share up to approximately 25 devices ( though for voice and video, it is recommended to reduce this to 10– 15 devices) per access point ( AP). How would this fit into your cabling hierarchy as a networking solution?
Wireless would be good for people who are mobile around the office or for visitors to your site. Wireless would be good in a pinch but not truly effective.
Exercise 4.4.1
What information about the device is displayed in the dialog box? What options are available under Device Usage?
The device is working properly
The Device Usage option is not here. It was moved into the Driver tab for Windows 7
Exercise 4.4.2
The tabs across the top of the dialog box provide additional information on the status of the device. Click the Advanced tab; what properties can be set from this tab? Click the Driver tab; this provides information on the software that controls the hardware adapter. What information is available for the device driver? How do you update the driver?
What properties can be set from the advanced tab?
Flow Control, Priority and VLAN, Receive buffers, and many more.
What information is available for the device driver?
Driver provider, Driver date, Driver version, Digital signer
How would you update the driver?
You would click on the Driver Update button and that would take you to the Windows Updater.
Exercise 4.4.3
The following list represents common problems in network media that cannot be easily determined by software applications and commands. For each entry, define the problem and list the types of cable ( UTP, coaxial, SMF, and/ or MMF) to which it applies. Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answers.
Noise: interference, static that destroys the integrity of signals on a line. UTP
Crosstalk: disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. Coaxial
Interference
Open (open circuit)
Short (short circuit)
Break: a stoppage in network traffic. UTP
Exercise 4.4.4
In your own words, describe the troubleshooting plan for your own PC that you have established based on your explorations in this chapter.
Exercise 4.4.5
There are several general strategies that you can adopt when you do not have a clear idea of what the problem is with a network. Most of these use the OSI model to plan the information gathering and troubleshooting. Define and describe the following common troubleshooting strategies in relation to the OSI model:
Bottom: troubleshooting by going from the physical layer up to the application layer. To use this, you would start with the hardware and work your way to the software to find and resolve the problem.
Top Down: troubleshooting by going from the application layer down to the physical layer. Using this method, you would start with the software first, then work your way down into the hardware to find and resolve the problem.
Lab 4.4 Review
1. Another troubleshooting strategy is known as Divide and Conquer. It requires that you have some knowledge of the problem before you begin. When would this strategy be most useful, and what is the benefit of being able to use it?
With this method, you can start with whatever layer you feel is most likely the cause of the problem, then move in whatever direction you feel is the more likely cause of the issue (either up or down the OSI model)
2. Why is it more efficient to check the status of network connections through software and command lines first before checking the physical hardware? When is it necessary to test the physical cable?
Usually the software has ways to check the connection for you, such as wizards, which can find the problem and fix it automatically.
When is it necessary to check the physical cable?
When the software cannot determine the problem.
Exercise 4.1.2
The voltage for registering a bit of 1 on Ethernet can be as low as 2.5 volts or even 1 volt. Why is this so low when the capacity for transmitting electricity on the copper wire is so high? Because the voltage used to transmit data needs only be high enough for the …show more content…
receiver to detect it. Making the voltage higher would make the receiver electronics more difficult
Exercise 4.1.3
What are some applications of shielded copper cable? Why is the more expensive shielded cable used in these situations?
A very common application is the health care field. Shielded copper cable is often used in health care facilities for its efficiency and resistance to flame. An area such as a production/factory floor where heavy equipment is being used is a prime example of a place where you might consider a shielded cable.
Exercise 4.1.
4 Complete the entries in Table 4- 1. Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answer. The common connector for interfacing UTP wires to a computer for networking is the Registered Jack 45 ( RJ- 45) interface. This uses eight copper wires ( four twisted pairs) to complete the connec-tion between interfaces. The pinout for these wires defines the order in which the individual wires connect to the network interface card and how the wires transition from one end of the cable to the other. A straight cable is used to connect a device to a network hub or switch. This type of cable does not change the wiring order from one end to the other.
Category Maximum Speed Application
1 1 Mbps Telephone cabling (POTS)
2 4 Mbps Token Ring
3 10 Mbps Token Ring and 10BASE-T
4 16 Mbps Token Ring
5 100 Mbps Ethernet (10 Mbps), Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) & Token ring (16 Mbps)
5e 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 1 Gbps Gigabit Ethernet
6a 10 GbE “virtualization,” particularly as it applies to servers
Exercise 4.1.5
A crossover cable is a type of cable used to connect similar devices, such as one computer connecting directly to another computer. Using Figure 4- 1 and Table 4- 2 as an example, create the diagram and color coding for a crossover cable. Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answer. Hint: The crossover cable is more complex than simply reversing the entire set of wires. You are wiring the input pins to the output pins and vice versa.
Exercise 4.1.6
Briefly describe the layered construction of a coaxial cable from the inner core to the outer insulation.
The inner is a usually solid copper, stranded copper or copper plated steel wire surrounded by an insulating layer, enclosed by a shield, typically one to four layers of woven metallic braid and metallic tape.
Exercise 4.1.7
Based solely on the distance limitation of UTP cable, what should you guarantee about any network you plan for UTP cable?
Tace care about the distance limitations of UTP cables, we can guarantee that all nodes of the network should be no further than 80 – 90 meters from one another.
Exercise 4.1.8
What type of cable is necessary for each connection in Figure 4- 2: straight or crossover? You can assume that S1 and S2 do not have the ability to resolve crossovers (called Auto- MDIX).
Considering that S1 and S2 do not have the ability to resolve crossovers that would mean that a straight-through cable must be used when setting up the network .
Exercise 4.1.9
If all the connections in the network from Figure 4- 2 use UTP cable, will they all be able to communicate correctly? If not, which links will not function and what should be done to resolve the issue?
UTP cable is usually for networks, that connected nodes relatively close to each other and in this set-up some of the nodes are a bit far from each other. It isn’t that the ones with greater distance from each other will not function at all, just simply that they will not always communicate well with each other.
Exercise 4.1.10
Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following network testing devices:
Multimeter: used to measure two or more electrical quantities in an electric circuit, as voltage, resistance, and current
Tone generator: software to generate, play and save audio test tones, sound frequencies or white noise on Windows or Mac computers
Pair scanner: used to test Ethernet cables
Time domain reflectometer (TDR): used to characterize and locate faults in metallic.
Exercise 4.2.1
The light in an SMF cable travels down the center of the fiber parallel to the direction of the fiber in a single path. Can this type of cable be used to transmit and receive bits simultaneously, or does it require one fiber for transmitting and one for receiving?
These cables can only transmit and receive bits in one direction; they cannot transmit simultaneously. If there were incoming light, either node would not be able to determine if the transmission is coming from the local node or remote node. In many instances when two way transmission is necessary, it is recommended that two cables are used, one to send bits and one to receive bits.
Exercise 4.2.2
What characteristics of fiber- optic cables allow them to be used over longer distances with less risk than copper cable?
One characteristic is that fiber-optic cables do not create EMI effects, and are not affected by them. So they work much better in places with lots of electrical noise. In addition, the electronic pulse can travel much longer in a fiber-optic cable rather than a copper cable.
Exercise 4.2.3
MMF distances can still far exceed copper cable, but MMF cannot match the distance available from the more expensive SMF. What is the reason for the distance limitation with the use of MMF?
MMF uses LEDs and LED lights disperse which means that their distance is shorter than the SMF. SMFs use lasers which is a more powerful focused beam of light which can travel much longer than a MMF cable.
Lab 4.2 Review
1. What is the bend radius for a fiber- optic cable? Why is it important to adhere to the bend radius restrictions for fiber- optic cable?
Usually the manufacturer would provide the specific minimum radius to which the cable may safely be bent during installation. If no minimum bend radius is specified, one is usually safe in assuming a minimum long-term los-stress radius not less than 15 times the cable diameter. Adhering to this bend rule is very important in order to minimize micro bending and macro bending loss. Macro bending causes light attenuation induced by deformation of the fiber while macro bending causes the leakage of light through the fiber cladding.
2. Fiber- optic cables are often bundled together into thicker cables for wiring multiple devices in a location or to travel over long distances. What layers of the standard fiber- optic cable are necessary for each individual glass filament in order for them to be bundled together with other fibers?
The core is the actual glass filament, the cladding for reflecting straying light back into the core, and the buffer acts as a shock absorber and the strengthener prevents damage from handling. These are the layers that are necessary for multiple filaments to be bundled together.
Exercise 4.3.1
Use your textbook and Internet research to complete the comparison in Table 4- 3. Cite the sources from which you retrieved the information to complete the comparison.
Type Maximum
Distance Maximum Speed Cost
UTP 100 M 1 Gbps Low
Pros: Easy to install, inexpensive, NICs are common in devices.
Cons: Limited distance, subject to interference
Coaxial(Thinnet) 607 Ft 100 Mbps Low
Pros: Durable construction
Cons: Hard to get into tight places, tough to bend.
Coaxial(Thicknet) 500 M 100 Mpbs Medium
Pros: Flexible and easy to install; relatively good resistance to electronic interference; relatively inexpensive
Cons: Short cable length; more expensive than UTP; unsecure; hard to change configuration;
MMF 2 Km + 100 Mpbs + High
Pros: Not affected by electrical interference
Cons: Most expensive, not very flexible, not easy to work with,
SMF 2 Km + 100 Mpbs + High
Pros: Not affected by electrical interference
Cons: Most expensive, not very flexible, not easy to work with, Exercise 4.3.2
Rank the three main types of cable ( UTP, SMF, and MMF) in a hierarchy of use for connecting network devices based on your completed comparison table.
SMF – Fastest connection, most expensive but worth the money
MMF – Faster connection, less expensive
UTP – Cheapest all around
Exercise 4.3.3
Using the description of Network A and Figure 4- 4, create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs. Justify your choices.
Well for the main line from S2 to R1, I would recommend coaxial thicknet along that path because of the huge amount of interference that would be caused by running thru the factory floor.
To get the best data transmission from R1 to S1 and S2, I would recommend using just using UTP which would maximize data transfer without braking the bank.
Exercise 4.3.4
Using the description of Network B and Figure 4- 5, create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs. Choose whether you want to connect the three routers in full mesh and explain your choice. Justify your choices.
Create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs.
Well since cost is not an issue with this build, then I would recommend fiber running the long distances because that would give you the fastest transfer possible over the long distances. From that point I would switch over to coax thicknet because of the durability and reliability to provide constant, steady throughput.
Exercise 4.3.5
Using the description of Network C and Figure 4- 6, create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s needs. Justify your choices.
Create a cabling solution for this network that meets the owner’s
needs.
I start running coax thick net through the walls to ensure that all electrical interference would be avoided. From this point, I would move everything else thru UTP to save you money and still attain what type of speeds you are looking for.
Lab 4.3 Review
1. As the cost of copper increases and the cost of fiber- optic cable decreases, eventually fiber might be less expensive for local network connections than copper cable. What are some barriers to widespread adoption of fiber in place of UTP?
Fiber would need to be installed in most places. There are only a handful of places that have fiber running through them. The process of installing fiber is still a very expensive property.
2.Most wireless devices for home and small office use have an effective broadcast radius of 35 meters ( or approximately 115 feet) and can share up to approximately 25 devices ( though for voice and video, it is recommended to reduce this to 10– 15 devices) per access point ( AP). How would this fit into your cabling hierarchy as a networking solution?
Wireless would be good for people who are mobile around the office or for visitors to your site. Wireless would be good in a pinch but not truly effective.
Exercise 4.4.1
What information about the device is displayed in the dialog box? What options are available under Device Usage?
The device is working properly
The Device Usage option is not here. It was moved into the Driver tab for Windows 7
Exercise 4.4.2
The tabs across the top of the dialog box provide additional information on the status of the device. Click the Advanced tab; what properties can be set from this tab? Click the Driver tab; this provides information on the software that controls the hardware adapter. What information is available for the device driver? How do you update the driver?
What properties can be set from the advanced tab?
Flow Control, Priority and VLAN, Receive buffers, and many more.
What information is available for the device driver?
Driver provider, Driver date, Driver version, Digital signer
How would you update the driver?
You would click on the Driver Update button and that would take you to the Windows Updater.
Exercise 4.4.3
The following list represents common problems in network media that cannot be easily determined by software applications and commands. For each entry, define the problem and list the types of cable ( UTP, coaxial, SMF, and/ or MMF) to which it applies. Use your textbook and Internet research to compose your answers.
Noise: interference, static that destroys the integrity of signals on a line. UTP
Crosstalk: disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. Coaxial
Interference
Open (open circuit)
Short (short circuit)
Break: a stoppage in network traffic. UTP
Exercise 4.4.4
In your own words, describe the troubleshooting plan for your own PC that you have established based on your explorations in this chapter.
Exercise 4.4.5
There are several general strategies that you can adopt when you do not have a clear idea of what the problem is with a network. Most of these use the OSI model to plan the information gathering and troubleshooting. Define and describe the following common troubleshooting strategies in relation to the OSI model:
Bottom: troubleshooting by going from the physical layer up to the application layer. To use this, you would start with the hardware and work your way to the software to find and resolve the problem.
Top Down: troubleshooting by going from the application layer down to the physical layer. Using this method, you would start with the software first, then work your way down into the hardware to find and resolve the problem.
Lab 4.4 Review
1. Another troubleshooting strategy is known as Divide and Conquer. It requires that you have some knowledge of the problem before you begin. When would this strategy be most useful, and what is the benefit of being able to use it?
With this method, you can start with whatever layer you feel is most likely the cause of the problem, then move in whatever direction you feel is the more likely cause of the issue (either up or down the OSI model)
2. Why is it more efficient to check the status of network connections through software and command lines first before checking the physical hardware? When is it necessary to test the physical cable?
Usually the software has ways to check the connection for you, such as wizards, which can find the problem and fix it automatically.
When is it necessary to check the physical cable?
When the software cannot determine the problem.