OPERANT CONDITIONING

OPERANT CONDITIONING
ELEMENTS
-the likelihood that a behavior will occur is increased by reward (i.e., REINFORCEMENT) and decreased by PUNISHMENT.
PUNISHMENT - introduction of an aversive stimulus aimed at reducing the rate of an unwanted behavior.
RE-INFORCEMENT
- any event contingent upon the response of the organism that alters the likelihood of the response.
- rewarded response are always strengthened but
- punished responses do not always diminish
POSITIVE RE-INFORCEMENT
-any event consequent upon a response that increases the probability of this response a recurrence.
Definition:
- pleasant stimulus follows desired behavior
Effect:
-increase likelihood of desired behavior
Example:
- high grade on exam
NEGATIVE RE-INFORCEMENT
- any event that strengthens the response that removes it.
Definition:
- Removal of unpleasant stimulus after a desired behavior occurs
Effect:
- increase likelihood of desired behavior
Example:
- allowing the child to leave the room when no longer having temper tantrums.
- child increases her studying behavior to avoid being scolded
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Definition:
- presentation of unpleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior
Effect:
- decreased likelihood of an undesired behavior
Example:
- low grade on an exam
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Definition:
- removal of unpleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior
Effect:
- decreased likelihood of undesired behavior
Example:
- cancelling TV viewing privilege for a child who misbehaves
CONDITIONING
1. CLASSICAL
2. INSTRUMENTAL
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1. PRE-CONDITIONING
- stimulus (BELL) > response (EXPLORATION)
- stimulus (FOOD) > response (SALVATION)
2. CONDITIONING
- stimulus (BELL) > response (FOOD) > response (SALVATION)
3. POST CONDITIONING
- stimulus (BELL) > response (SALVATION)
- conditioned response
- stimulus (FOOD) > response (SALVATION)
- unconditioned response
INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
1. PRIMARY REWARD CONDITIONING
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