Outline Of Psychology Paper
Learning Objectives
Chapter 1: The Evolution Of Psychology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Summarize Wundt’s accomplishments and contributions to psychology.
Summarize Hall’s accomplishments and contributions to psychology.
Describe structuralism and its impact on the subsequent development of psychology.
Describe functionalism and its impact on the subsequent development of psychology.
Summarize Watson’s views on the appropriate subject matter of psychology, nature versus nurture, and animal research.
6. Summarize Freud’s principal ideas and why they inspired controversy.
7. Summarize Skinner’s work, views, and influence.
8. Summarize Rogers’ and Maslow’s ideas and the contributions of humanistic psychology.
9. Describe important contributions …show more content…
to the emergence of experimental psychology in Canada.
10. Describe the typical areas of expertise of various types of applied or professional psychologists. 11. Explain how historical events have contributed to the emergence of psychology as a profession. 12. Describe two recent trends in research in psychology that reflect a return to psychology’s intellectual roots.
13. Describe Donald Hebb’s significance to the emergence of contemporary psychology.
14.
Explain why Western psychology traditionally had scant interest in other cultures and why this situation has begun to change.
15. Use the Featured Study to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of some research methods. 16. Summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology.
17. Describe how positive psychology represents a novel trend in psychological theory and research. 18. Discuss the growth of psychology and the most common work settings for contemporary psychologists. 19. List and describe seven major research areas in psychology.
20. List and describe the four professional specialties in psychology.
21. Summarize the text’s three unifying themes relating to psychology as a field of study.
22. Summarize the text’s four unifying themes relating to psychology’s subject matter.
23. Discuss three important considerations in designing a program to promote adequate studying. 24. Describe the SQ3R method and explain what makes it effective.
25. Summarize advice provided on how to get more out of lectures.
Chapter 7: Human Memory
1. Describe the three basic human memory processes.
2. Discuss the role of attention for memory.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 …show more content…
2013
3. Describe the three levels of encoding discussed by Craik and Lockhart, and how depth of processing relates to memory.
4. Discuss three techniques for enriching encoding and research on each.
5. Describe the role of the sensory store in memory.
6. Discuss the characteristics of short-term memory and describe the differences between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
7. Describe the durability and capacity of short-term memory.
8. Describe Baddely’s model of working memory.
9. Evaluate the hypothesis that all memories are stored permanently in long-term memory.
10. Summarize evidence regarding the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
11. Describe conceptual hierarchies, schemas, and semantic networks, and their role in longterm memory.
12. Explain how parallel distributed processing (PDP) models view the representation of information in memory.
13. Explain how retrieval cues and context cues influence retrieval.
14. Discuss Bartlett’s work and research on the misinformation effect.
15. Discuss the implications of evidence on source monitoring and reality monitoring.
16. Describe Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve and three measures of retention.
17. Explain how forgetting may be due to ineffective encoding.
18. Compare and contrast decay and interference as potential causes of forgetting.
19. Explain how forgetting may be due to factors in the retrieval process.
20. Summarize evidence for the view that recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse may be genuine.
21. Summarize evidence for the view that recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are inaccurate. 22. List and define the seven sins of memory.
23. Summarize evidence on the biochemistry and neural circuitry underlying memory.
24. Distinguish between two types of amnesia, and identify the anatomical structures implicated in memory.
25. Distinguish between implicit versus explicit memory and their relationship to declarative versus procedural memory.
26. Explain the distinctions between episodic versus semantic memory and prospective versus
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the goals of the scientific enterprise in psychology.
Explain the relations between theory, hypotheses, and research.
Outline the steps in a scientific investigation.
Describe the Featured Study on the effects of fear on sexual attraction
Discuss the advantages of the scientific approach.
Describe the experimental method, explaining independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and extraneous variables.
7. Explain the major advantages and disadvantages of the experimental method.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
8. Discuss three descriptive/correlational research methods: naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys.
9. Explain the major advantages and disadvantages of descriptive/correlational research.
10. Describe three measures of central tendency and one measure of variability.
11. Describe the normal distribution, and how to understand how test scores and percentile ranks relate to one another.
12. Distinguish between positive and negative correlations.
13. Discuss correlation in relation to prediction and causation.
14. 14. Explain the meaning of statistical significance.
15. Explain the importance of replication, and of meta-analysis.
16. Explain what makes a sample representative, and discuss the problem of sampling bias.
17. Explain when placebo effects are likely to be a problem.
18. Describe the typical kinds of distortions that occur in self-report data and discuss the methods that have been developed recently to deal with these
problems.
19. Describe Rosenthal’s research on experimenter bias.
20. Describe how access to the internet has changed the way some psychologists conduct their research. 21. Discuss the pros and cons of deception in research with human subjects.
22. Describe the four key principles of ethical research as set forth by the Canadian
Psychological Association and compare ethical standards for research with humans to ethical standards for research with animals.
23. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
24. Describe the nature of technical journals.
25. Explain how to use PsychINFO and discuss the advantages of computerized literature searches. 26. Describe the standard organization of journal articles reporting on empirical research.
27. Explain why anecdotal evidence is flawed and unreliable.
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
1. Describe the main functions of the two types of nervous tissue.
2. Describe the various parts of the neuron and their functions.
3. Summarize the role of glial cells in the brain.
4. Describe the neural impulse.
5. Describe how neurons communicate at chemical synapses.
6. Describe the two types of postsynaptic potentials and how neurons integrate signals and form neural circuits.
7. Discuss some of the functions of acetylcholine and the monoamine neurotransmitters as well as their agonists and antagonists.
8. Discuss how GABA, glycine, glutamate, and endorphins are related to behaviour.
9. Provide an overview of the peripheral nervous system, including its subdivisions.
10. Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
11. Describe how EEG, lesioning, ESB, and TMS are used to investigate brain function.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
12. Describe the new brain imaging methods that are used to study brain structure and function.
13. Use the results of the Featured Study to explain how methods in neuroscience can be used to understand self-concept.
14. Summarize the key functions of the medulla, pons, cerebellum, and midbrain.
15. Summarize the key functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
16. Describe the nature and location of the limbic system, and summarize some of its key functions. 17. Name the four lobes in the cerebral cortex, and identify some of their key functions.
18. Summarize evidence on neurogenesis and the brain’s plasticity.
19. Explain why scientists viewed the left hemisphere as the dominant hemisphere, and describe how split-brain research changed this view.
20. Describe how neuroscientists conduct research on cerebral specialization in normal subjects and what this research has revealed.
21. Describe some of the ways in which hormones regulate behaviour.
22. Describe the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission.
23. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype and the meaning of polygenic inheritance. 24. Explain the special methods used to investigate the influence of heredity on behaviour.
25. Describe how genes and environment interact, and summarize the contributions of the field known as epigenetics.
26. Explain the four key insights that represent the essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
27. Describe some subsequent refinements to evolutionary theory.
28. Provide some examples of animal behaviour that represent adaptations.
29. Explain how this chapter highlighted three of the text’s unifying themes.
30. Critically evaluate each of the five ideas on cerebral specialization and cognitive processes discussed in the Personal Application.
31. Explain how neuroscience research has been over-extrapolated by some education and child care advocates who have campaigned for infant schooling.
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
1. Distinguish between sensation and perception, and define the field of study known as psychophysics. 2. Explain how stimulus intensity is related to absolute thresholds.
3. Explain how Weber’s law and Fechner’s law conceptualize the JND.
4. Explain the basic thrust of signal-detection theory.
5. Describe some evidence on perception without awareness, and discuss the practical implications of subliminal perception.
6. Discuss the meaning and significance of sensory adaptation.
7. List the three properties of light and the aspects of visual perception that they influence.
8. Describe the role of the lens and pupil in the functioning of the eye.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
9. Describe the role of the retina, including the rods and cones, in light sensitivity and in visual information processing.
10. Describe the routing of signals from the eye to the brain and the brain’s role in visual information processing, including feature detection and object recognition.
11. Identify different methods used in vision research and describe the McCullough Effect.
12. Discuss the trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision, and the modern reconciliation of these theories.
13. Explain the concept of perceptual set and how it relates to inattentional blindness.
14. Distinguish between top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
15. Explain the basic premise of Gestalt psychology, and describe Gestalt principles of visual perception. 16. Explain how form perception can be a matter of formulating perceptual hypotheses.
17. Describe the monocular and binocular cues employed in depth perception.
18. Describe perceptual constancies and illusions in vision, and discuss cultural variations in susceptibility to certain illusions.
19. Describe the concepts of, and the neuroanatomical correlates of, vision for perception and vision for action
20. List the three properties of sound and the aspects of auditory perception that they influence.
21. Summarize information on human hearing capacities, and describe how sensory processing occurs in the ear.
22. Compare and contrast the place and frequency theories of pitch perception, and discuss the resolution of the debate.
23. Discuss the cues employed in auditory localization.
24. Describe the role of music experience in decoding speech prosody, using information from the Featured Study.
25. Describe the stimulus and receptors for taste, and discuss individual differences in taste sensitivity. 26. Describe the stimulus and receptors for smell, and the role that pheromones are hypothesized to play.
27. Describe the processes involved in the perception of pressure on the skin.
28. Describe the two pathways along which pain signals travel, and discuss evidence that the perception of pain is subjective.
Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
1. Discuss the nature of consciousness and the distinction between controlled and automatic processes. 2. Discuss the relationship between consciousness and EEG activity.
3. Summarize the Featured Study on the merits of unconscious thought, and explain how decision-making is affected by processes outside our awareness.
4. Summarize what is known about our biological rhythms and their relationship to sleep.
5. Summarize the evidence on the value of melatonin as a sleep aid.
6. Describe how sleep research is conducted.
7. Describe how the sleep cycle evolves through the night.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
8. Compare and contrast REM and NREM sleep.
9. Summarize age trends in patterns of sleep.
10. Summarize how culture influences sleep patterns.
11. Discuss the neural bases of sleep.
12. Discuss the effects of sleep deprivation, including sleep restriction and selective deprivation of specific stages of sleep.
13. Discuss the prevalence, causes, and treatment of insomnia.
14. Describe the symptoms of narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, nightmares, and somnambulism. 15. Summarize findings on dream content, including the relationship between dreams and events in waking life.
16. Describe some cultural variations in beliefs about the nature and importance of dreams.
17. Describe the three theories of dreaming covered in the chapter.
18. Discuss hypnotic susceptibility, and list some prominent effects of hypnosis.
19. Explain the role-playing and altered-state theories of hypnosis.
20. Summarize evidence on the physiological correlates and long-term benefits of meditation.
21. List and describe the major types of abused drugs and their effects.
22. Explain why drug effects vary and how psychoactive drugs exert their effects in the brain.
23. Summarize which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence.
24. Summarize evidence on the major health risks associated with drug abuse.
25. Discuss some controversies about marijuana’s health risks and preliminary evidence on the risks associated with MDMA use.
26. Explain how the chapter highlighted four of the text’s unifying themes.
27. Summarize evidence on common questions about sleep discussed in the Personal
Application.
28. Summarize evidence on common questions about dreams discussed in the Personal
Application.
29. Discuss the influence of definitions and how they are sometimes misused as explanations for the phenomena they describe.
Chapter 6: Learning
1. Define learning and conditioning, and explain their relevance for understanding the behaviour of humans and other animals.
2. Describe Pavlov’s demonstration of classical conditioning and the key elements in this form of learning.
3. Discuss how classical conditioning may shape phobias, attitudes, and physiological processes, including drug tolerance.
4. Describe the classical conditioning phenomena of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
5. Describe the processes of generalization and discrimination.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
6. Explain what happens in higher-order conditioning and summarize the relationship between classical conditioning and self-esteem.
7. Discuss the nature of operant responding in comparison to the types of responding typically governed by classical conditioning.
8. Describe Thorndike’s work, and explain his law of effect.
9. Describe Skinner’s principle of reinforcement and the prototype experimental procedures used in studies of operant conditioning.
10. Describe the operant conditioning phenomena of acquisition, shaping, and extinction. 11. Explain how stimuli govern operant behaviour and how generalization, discrimination, and superstitious behaviour occur in operant conditioning.
12. Identify various types of schedules of reinforcement, and discuss their typical effects on responding.
13. Explain the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement.
14. Describe and distinguish between escape learning and avoidance learning.
15. Explain two-process theory and the role of negative reinforcement in avoidance behaviour. 16. Describe punishment and its effects.
17. Discuss the phenomena of instinctive drift, conditioned taste aversion and phobias in the context of ‘preparedness’.
18. Explain the evolutionary perspective on learning.
19. Describe Tolman’s research on latent learning and explain how this sort of research brought cognition into behaviourism.
20. Describe research on signal relations and response-outcome relations, and explain their theoretical importance.
21. Discuss the processes and importance of observational learning, and discuss
Bandura’s view on whether reinforcement affects learning and performance.
22. Summarize the evidence regarding effects of TV violence on behaviour including results of the Featured Study.
23. Describe the theorized role of mirror neurons for observational learning.
24. Explain how the chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
25. Discuss how to execute, evaluate, and end a self-modification program.
26. Describe how classical conditioning is used to manipulate emotions.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
Chapter 1: The Evolution Of Psychology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Summarize Wundt’s accomplishments and contributions to psychology.
Summarize Hall’s accomplishments and contributions to psychology.
Describe structuralism and its impact on the subsequent development of psychology.
Describe functionalism and its impact on the subsequent development of psychology.
Summarize Watson’s views on the appropriate subject matter of psychology, nature versus nurture, and animal research.
6. Summarize Freud’s principal ideas and why they inspired controversy.
7. Summarize Skinner’s work, views, and influence.
8. Summarize Rogers’ and Maslow’s ideas and the contributions of humanistic psychology.
9. Describe important contributions …show more content…
to the emergence of experimental psychology in Canada.
10. Describe the typical areas of expertise of various types of applied or professional psychologists. 11. Explain how historical events have contributed to the emergence of psychology as a profession. 12. Describe two recent trends in research in psychology that reflect a return to psychology’s intellectual roots.
13. Describe Donald Hebb’s significance to the emergence of contemporary psychology.
14.
Explain why Western psychology traditionally had scant interest in other cultures and why this situation has begun to change.
15. Use the Featured Study to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of some research methods. 16. Summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology.
17. Describe how positive psychology represents a novel trend in psychological theory and research. 18. Discuss the growth of psychology and the most common work settings for contemporary psychologists. 19. List and describe seven major research areas in psychology.
20. List and describe the four professional specialties in psychology.
21. Summarize the text’s three unifying themes relating to psychology as a field of study.
22. Summarize the text’s four unifying themes relating to psychology’s subject matter.
23. Discuss three important considerations in designing a program to promote adequate studying. 24. Describe the SQ3R method and explain what makes it effective.
25. Summarize advice provided on how to get more out of lectures.
Chapter 7: Human Memory
1. Describe the three basic human memory processes.
2. Discuss the role of attention for memory.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 …show more content…
2013
3. Describe the three levels of encoding discussed by Craik and Lockhart, and how depth of processing relates to memory.
4. Discuss three techniques for enriching encoding and research on each.
5. Describe the role of the sensory store in memory.
6. Discuss the characteristics of short-term memory and describe the differences between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
7. Describe the durability and capacity of short-term memory.
8. Describe Baddely’s model of working memory.
9. Evaluate the hypothesis that all memories are stored permanently in long-term memory.
10. Summarize evidence regarding the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
11. Describe conceptual hierarchies, schemas, and semantic networks, and their role in longterm memory.
12. Explain how parallel distributed processing (PDP) models view the representation of information in memory.
13. Explain how retrieval cues and context cues influence retrieval.
14. Discuss Bartlett’s work and research on the misinformation effect.
15. Discuss the implications of evidence on source monitoring and reality monitoring.
16. Describe Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve and three measures of retention.
17. Explain how forgetting may be due to ineffective encoding.
18. Compare and contrast decay and interference as potential causes of forgetting.
19. Explain how forgetting may be due to factors in the retrieval process.
20. Summarize evidence for the view that recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse may be genuine.
21. Summarize evidence for the view that recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are inaccurate. 22. List and define the seven sins of memory.
23. Summarize evidence on the biochemistry and neural circuitry underlying memory.
24. Distinguish between two types of amnesia, and identify the anatomical structures implicated in memory.
25. Distinguish between implicit versus explicit memory and their relationship to declarative versus procedural memory.
26. Explain the distinctions between episodic versus semantic memory and prospective versus
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the goals of the scientific enterprise in psychology.
Explain the relations between theory, hypotheses, and research.
Outline the steps in a scientific investigation.
Describe the Featured Study on the effects of fear on sexual attraction
Discuss the advantages of the scientific approach.
Describe the experimental method, explaining independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and extraneous variables.
7. Explain the major advantages and disadvantages of the experimental method.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
8. Discuss three descriptive/correlational research methods: naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys.
9. Explain the major advantages and disadvantages of descriptive/correlational research.
10. Describe three measures of central tendency and one measure of variability.
11. Describe the normal distribution, and how to understand how test scores and percentile ranks relate to one another.
12. Distinguish between positive and negative correlations.
13. Discuss correlation in relation to prediction and causation.
14. 14. Explain the meaning of statistical significance.
15. Explain the importance of replication, and of meta-analysis.
16. Explain what makes a sample representative, and discuss the problem of sampling bias.
17. Explain when placebo effects are likely to be a problem.
18. Describe the typical kinds of distortions that occur in self-report data and discuss the methods that have been developed recently to deal with these
problems.
19. Describe Rosenthal’s research on experimenter bias.
20. Describe how access to the internet has changed the way some psychologists conduct their research. 21. Discuss the pros and cons of deception in research with human subjects.
22. Describe the four key principles of ethical research as set forth by the Canadian
Psychological Association and compare ethical standards for research with humans to ethical standards for research with animals.
23. Explain how this chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
24. Describe the nature of technical journals.
25. Explain how to use PsychINFO and discuss the advantages of computerized literature searches. 26. Describe the standard organization of journal articles reporting on empirical research.
27. Explain why anecdotal evidence is flawed and unreliable.
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behaviour
1. Describe the main functions of the two types of nervous tissue.
2. Describe the various parts of the neuron and their functions.
3. Summarize the role of glial cells in the brain.
4. Describe the neural impulse.
5. Describe how neurons communicate at chemical synapses.
6. Describe the two types of postsynaptic potentials and how neurons integrate signals and form neural circuits.
7. Discuss some of the functions of acetylcholine and the monoamine neurotransmitters as well as their agonists and antagonists.
8. Discuss how GABA, glycine, glutamate, and endorphins are related to behaviour.
9. Provide an overview of the peripheral nervous system, including its subdivisions.
10. Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
11. Describe how EEG, lesioning, ESB, and TMS are used to investigate brain function.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
12. Describe the new brain imaging methods that are used to study brain structure and function.
13. Use the results of the Featured Study to explain how methods in neuroscience can be used to understand self-concept.
14. Summarize the key functions of the medulla, pons, cerebellum, and midbrain.
15. Summarize the key functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
16. Describe the nature and location of the limbic system, and summarize some of its key functions. 17. Name the four lobes in the cerebral cortex, and identify some of their key functions.
18. Summarize evidence on neurogenesis and the brain’s plasticity.
19. Explain why scientists viewed the left hemisphere as the dominant hemisphere, and describe how split-brain research changed this view.
20. Describe how neuroscientists conduct research on cerebral specialization in normal subjects and what this research has revealed.
21. Describe some of the ways in which hormones regulate behaviour.
22. Describe the structures and processes involved in genetic transmission.
23. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype and the meaning of polygenic inheritance. 24. Explain the special methods used to investigate the influence of heredity on behaviour.
25. Describe how genes and environment interact, and summarize the contributions of the field known as epigenetics.
26. Explain the four key insights that represent the essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
27. Describe some subsequent refinements to evolutionary theory.
28. Provide some examples of animal behaviour that represent adaptations.
29. Explain how this chapter highlighted three of the text’s unifying themes.
30. Critically evaluate each of the five ideas on cerebral specialization and cognitive processes discussed in the Personal Application.
31. Explain how neuroscience research has been over-extrapolated by some education and child care advocates who have campaigned for infant schooling.
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
1. Distinguish between sensation and perception, and define the field of study known as psychophysics. 2. Explain how stimulus intensity is related to absolute thresholds.
3. Explain how Weber’s law and Fechner’s law conceptualize the JND.
4. Explain the basic thrust of signal-detection theory.
5. Describe some evidence on perception without awareness, and discuss the practical implications of subliminal perception.
6. Discuss the meaning and significance of sensory adaptation.
7. List the three properties of light and the aspects of visual perception that they influence.
8. Describe the role of the lens and pupil in the functioning of the eye.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
9. Describe the role of the retina, including the rods and cones, in light sensitivity and in visual information processing.
10. Describe the routing of signals from the eye to the brain and the brain’s role in visual information processing, including feature detection and object recognition.
11. Identify different methods used in vision research and describe the McCullough Effect.
12. Discuss the trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision, and the modern reconciliation of these theories.
13. Explain the concept of perceptual set and how it relates to inattentional blindness.
14. Distinguish between top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
15. Explain the basic premise of Gestalt psychology, and describe Gestalt principles of visual perception. 16. Explain how form perception can be a matter of formulating perceptual hypotheses.
17. Describe the monocular and binocular cues employed in depth perception.
18. Describe perceptual constancies and illusions in vision, and discuss cultural variations in susceptibility to certain illusions.
19. Describe the concepts of, and the neuroanatomical correlates of, vision for perception and vision for action
20. List the three properties of sound and the aspects of auditory perception that they influence.
21. Summarize information on human hearing capacities, and describe how sensory processing occurs in the ear.
22. Compare and contrast the place and frequency theories of pitch perception, and discuss the resolution of the debate.
23. Discuss the cues employed in auditory localization.
24. Describe the role of music experience in decoding speech prosody, using information from the Featured Study.
25. Describe the stimulus and receptors for taste, and discuss individual differences in taste sensitivity. 26. Describe the stimulus and receptors for smell, and the role that pheromones are hypothesized to play.
27. Describe the processes involved in the perception of pressure on the skin.
28. Describe the two pathways along which pain signals travel, and discuss evidence that the perception of pain is subjective.
Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
1. Discuss the nature of consciousness and the distinction between controlled and automatic processes. 2. Discuss the relationship between consciousness and EEG activity.
3. Summarize the Featured Study on the merits of unconscious thought, and explain how decision-making is affected by processes outside our awareness.
4. Summarize what is known about our biological rhythms and their relationship to sleep.
5. Summarize the evidence on the value of melatonin as a sleep aid.
6. Describe how sleep research is conducted.
7. Describe how the sleep cycle evolves through the night.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
8. Compare and contrast REM and NREM sleep.
9. Summarize age trends in patterns of sleep.
10. Summarize how culture influences sleep patterns.
11. Discuss the neural bases of sleep.
12. Discuss the effects of sleep deprivation, including sleep restriction and selective deprivation of specific stages of sleep.
13. Discuss the prevalence, causes, and treatment of insomnia.
14. Describe the symptoms of narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, nightmares, and somnambulism. 15. Summarize findings on dream content, including the relationship between dreams and events in waking life.
16. Describe some cultural variations in beliefs about the nature and importance of dreams.
17. Describe the three theories of dreaming covered in the chapter.
18. Discuss hypnotic susceptibility, and list some prominent effects of hypnosis.
19. Explain the role-playing and altered-state theories of hypnosis.
20. Summarize evidence on the physiological correlates and long-term benefits of meditation.
21. List and describe the major types of abused drugs and their effects.
22. Explain why drug effects vary and how psychoactive drugs exert their effects in the brain.
23. Summarize which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence.
24. Summarize evidence on the major health risks associated with drug abuse.
25. Discuss some controversies about marijuana’s health risks and preliminary evidence on the risks associated with MDMA use.
26. Explain how the chapter highlighted four of the text’s unifying themes.
27. Summarize evidence on common questions about sleep discussed in the Personal
Application.
28. Summarize evidence on common questions about dreams discussed in the Personal
Application.
29. Discuss the influence of definitions and how they are sometimes misused as explanations for the phenomena they describe.
Chapter 6: Learning
1. Define learning and conditioning, and explain their relevance for understanding the behaviour of humans and other animals.
2. Describe Pavlov’s demonstration of classical conditioning and the key elements in this form of learning.
3. Discuss how classical conditioning may shape phobias, attitudes, and physiological processes, including drug tolerance.
4. Describe the classical conditioning phenomena of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
5. Describe the processes of generalization and discrimination.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013
6. Explain what happens in higher-order conditioning and summarize the relationship between classical conditioning and self-esteem.
7. Discuss the nature of operant responding in comparison to the types of responding typically governed by classical conditioning.
8. Describe Thorndike’s work, and explain his law of effect.
9. Describe Skinner’s principle of reinforcement and the prototype experimental procedures used in studies of operant conditioning.
10. Describe the operant conditioning phenomena of acquisition, shaping, and extinction. 11. Explain how stimuli govern operant behaviour and how generalization, discrimination, and superstitious behaviour occur in operant conditioning.
12. Identify various types of schedules of reinforcement, and discuss their typical effects on responding.
13. Explain the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement.
14. Describe and distinguish between escape learning and avoidance learning.
15. Explain two-process theory and the role of negative reinforcement in avoidance behaviour. 16. Describe punishment and its effects.
17. Discuss the phenomena of instinctive drift, conditioned taste aversion and phobias in the context of ‘preparedness’.
18. Explain the evolutionary perspective on learning.
19. Describe Tolman’s research on latent learning and explain how this sort of research brought cognition into behaviourism.
20. Describe research on signal relations and response-outcome relations, and explain their theoretical importance.
21. Discuss the processes and importance of observational learning, and discuss
Bandura’s view on whether reinforcement affects learning and performance.
22. Summarize the evidence regarding effects of TV violence on behaviour including results of the Featured Study.
23. Describe the theorized role of mirror neurons for observational learning.
24. Explain how the chapter highlighted two of the text’s unifying themes.
25. Discuss how to execute, evaluate, and end a self-modification program.
26. Describe how classical conditioning is used to manipulate emotions.
Learning Objectives for Psych 101 2013