Parkinson's Disease Research
Parkinson’s disease is second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (Bellman, 2017; Delamarre & Meissner, 2017; Hawley, Armstrong, & Weiner, 2014; Palacios et al., 2017). Approximately 80,000 Australians including 27,000 Victorians are living with Parkinson’s at present (Parkinson’s Disease Society of Victoria (Parkinson’s Victoria), 2017). In this essay, author will discuss different risk factors, pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Author will also discuss different assessment data and techniques to collect that data for diagnosis and management of Parkinson’s disease. Author will explain and briefly discuss effects of Parkinson’s disease on different systems. At last, nursing diagnosis and interventions will
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There are many risk factors which cause development of Parkinsonism or Parkinson’s syndrome. Few environmental and genetic factors have been identified as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (Bellman, 2017; Delamarre & Meissner, 2017). Increase in age has direct relation with development of Parkinson’s disease (Kieburtz & Wunderle, 2013). One to two people per thousand are estimated to have Parkinson’s disease in Australia (Brain Foundation, 2017). This incidence ratio increase up to 1 in 100 of people above 60 years of age (Brain Foundation, 2017). Incidence rate is still higher in people over 80 years of age and it is up to 4% (Liu, Chen, Fang, Tillander, & Wirdefeldt, 2016). Few studies indicate that men are at higher risk than women (Brain Foundation, 2017; Delamarre & Meissner, 2017). There are different theories regarding causes of Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s Disease Society of Victoria (Parkinson’s Victoria), 2017). Few epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to pesticides; pollution, toxins, genetic factors and early life infections are main risk factors (Brain Foundation, 2017). In France, Parkinson’s disease is identified as disease for farmers who are professionally exposed to pesticides (Delamarre & Meissner, 2017). Recent studies have found out that few genes are responsible for late onset of Parkinson’s disease (Liu et al., 2016). Introduction of Endotoxin injections to gravid rates have caused loss of dopamine neurons in new born rats (Liu et al., 2016). Thus, this study has developed hypothesis that infections in prenatal periods might be responsible for late onset of Parkinson’s disease (Liu et al., 2016). Thus, there are many risk factors responsible for development of Parkinson’s
There are many risk factors which cause development of Parkinsonism or Parkinson’s syndrome. Few environmental and genetic factors have been identified as a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (Bellman, 2017; Delamarre & Meissner, 2017). Increase in age has direct relation with development of Parkinson’s disease (Kieburtz & Wunderle, 2013). One to two people per thousand are estimated to have Parkinson’s disease in Australia (Brain Foundation, 2017). This incidence ratio increase up to 1 in 100 of people above 60 years of age (Brain Foundation, 2017). Incidence rate is still higher in people over 80 years of age and it is up to 4% (Liu, Chen, Fang, Tillander, & Wirdefeldt, 2016). Few studies indicate that men are at higher risk than women (Brain Foundation, 2017; Delamarre & Meissner, 2017). There are different theories regarding causes of Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s Disease Society of Victoria (Parkinson’s Victoria), 2017). Few epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to pesticides; pollution, toxins, genetic factors and early life infections are main risk factors (Brain Foundation, 2017). In France, Parkinson’s disease is identified as disease for farmers who are professionally exposed to pesticides (Delamarre & Meissner, 2017). Recent studies have found out that few genes are responsible for late onset of Parkinson’s disease (Liu et al., 2016). Introduction of Endotoxin injections to gravid rates have caused loss of dopamine neurons in new born rats (Liu et al., 2016). Thus, this study has developed hypothesis that infections in prenatal periods might be responsible for late onset of Parkinson’s disease (Liu et al., 2016). Thus, there are many risk factors responsible for development of Parkinson’s