philippine history

The Tertiary is the period in the geological history of the earth when mammals, including primates became dominant. The two major events in the tertiary periods.

a) The earth surface underwent tremendous changes known to geologists as land uplift.

b) Land uplift was brought about radical changes in climatic and other ecological conditions favorable to mammalian adaptation.

According to Jagor before the Tertiary uplift most of such Asiatic areas as the Iranian plateau, Turkestan, Indian subcontinent, and Tibet were submerged under a sea known geologically as the Tethys sea. When the great uplift occurred as a result of such phenomena as volcanic eruptions and faulting due to crustal deformation, this ancient sea receded and shrank in size, part of which is now known as the Mediterranean. The scope of the movement of land in Asia is well – documented by the Eocene sediments of the tethys sea found about 20,000 feet above sea level in Tibet. One can form a good mental image of the world-wide elevation of the land that resulted form this massive uplift by referring to the present heights of the Alps, the Rockies, Andes, and the Everest mountain ranges. The high mountain ranges were formed during the tertiary.

The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
Factors:
1. Spread of Liberalism
- Liberal ideas from Europe filtered in when Spain gradually exposed Philippine to international commerce.
- The sons and daughters of the Principalia were able to attain education, thereupon giving then exposure to libertarian ideas.
2. Sentiments against the Principales – proportion of the local aristocracy to the broad masses.
3. Racial Prejudice
- Inferior race, limited intelligence
4. Cultural changes
- Ilustrados
5. Secularization Controversy
- Council of Trent – secular priests appointed to parishes. But due to lack of sec. priests, Pope Pius V issued Exponi Nobis (1567) w/c allowed the regular clergy to serve as parish priests w/out diocesan auth. And be exempted from bishop’s auth.
6. Cavite Mutiny
- 200 Filipino soldiers and dock warriors of Cavite mutinied and killed their Spanish officers led by Sergeant Lamadrid. 2 days after, he was executed together w/ 41 mutineers in Bagumbayan.
- Some were exiled, hanged, and garroted.

Propaganda Movement
The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the colony and Spain. Its prominent members included José Rizal, author of Noli Me Tangere (novel) and El Filibusterismo, Graciano López Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad, the movement's principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.