Post Classical Empires
What were the political, religious, and cultural changes and continuities from the now extinct classical empires to the post-classical empires?
Periodization: There were diplomatic dealings with Harun al-Rashid. There was political turmoil and other concerns so they laid the foundation of European Christendom- a region that never experienced political unity but adopted Christianity as the dominant source if cultural authority. The Byzantine Empire remained a political and economic powerhouse of the postclassical world. It was also an urbanized center of manufacturing and a highly productive society that both supported and benefited from trade throughout the eastern hemisphere. Both the Byzantine Empire and the European states to the west inherited …show more content…
Christianity from the Roman Empire. However religious and political tensions increasingly complicated relations between the two halves of the former Roman Empire. Byzantine and western Christians expanded the religious and moral authority of Christianity throughout Europe. Merchants, missionaries, migrants, and military conquerors spread religions and languages to new places. The capitals were big political centers.
How did the empires of Dar al Islam change the dynamics of the political and economic systems of the eastern hemisphere?
Chapter 13: It offered guidance on matters as diverse as marriage and family life, inheritance, slavery, business and commercial relationships, and political authority. The Umayyad’s policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy. The Abbasid dynasty was far more cosmopolitan than the Umayyad’s. The Dar al Islam continued to grow in the Abbasid era but the caliphs had little to do with it.
What state policies, mercantile practices, and innovations in transportation contributed to the intensification of cross-cultural exchanges?
Periodization: forms of social organization and techniques of statecraft from the early complex societies. In the classical societies, they found it necessary to devout resources to the construction of roads and discovery of reliable routes over neighboring seas. Transportation and communication networks served as links between their capitals and the distant reaches of their empire.
Chapter 13: The five pillars of Islam. Traveled by Camels and Caravans. The compass helped guide Arab and Persian mariners, from the Hellenistic Mediterranean they borrowed the astrolabe, and instrument that enabled them to calculate latitude, and from Southeast Asian and Indian mariners, they borrowed the lateen sail; a triangular sail that increased a ship’s maneuverability.
Chapter 14: The heavy iron plows, oxen, and water buffalo helped contribute with cross-cultural exchanges.
There was also extensive irrigation system. There were three policies in particular that helped explain the success of the early Tang dynasty: maintenance of a well articulated transportation and communications network, distribution of land according to the principles of the equal-field system, and reliance on a bureaucracy based on a merit.
Chapter 15: Larger ships improved commercial organization supported a dramatic surge in the volume and value of trade. The merchants exchanged goods that they could take back with them for the winter monsoons. The trade supported political and economic developments as well.
Chapter 16/19: Byzantine merchants traded regularly with their Muslim counterparts in Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt during periods of outright war between Byzantium and Muslim states. They profited by controlling trade and levying customs duties on merchandise that passed through the lands. Silk and porcelain came from China. The heavy plow was an innovation that replaced the light Mediterranean plows. It helped aerate the soil and break up networks of weeds.
What were the significant cross-cultural exchanges that resulted from the intensification of trade and communication
routes?
Periodization: artistic, religious, linguistic, and cultural traditions, gunpowder, foods, disease, and animals
Chapter 13: techniques on business organization, innovations in technology
Chapter 14: gunpowder, porcelain, sugarcane, and fruit
Chapter 15: Cotton textiles, sugar refining, leather tanning, stone carving, and carpet weaving. China produced silk, porcelain, and lacquer ware.
Chapter 16/19: fish and furs, silver, wine, glassware, and the heavy plow.
What were the cultural, religious, commercial, and governmental functions of at least 2 major cities in this time period? Do all.
Novgorod:
Timbuktu:
The Swahili city states:
Hangzhou: the Grand Canal, foot binding, Chinese cities boasted populations of one hundred thousand or more, and increased food production.
Calicut:
Baghdad: Abbasid’s associated themselves with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was a round city and three walls protected it.
Melaka:
Venice:
Tenochtitlan:
Cahokia:
Why could “the Indian Ocean Basin” be a more useful unit of analysis than the separate states of South and Southeast Asia and the Swahili states (from Chapter 18)?
Chapter 15: Since India was in the middle of the Indian Ocean Basin, it was a natural site for emporia and warehouses; this helped a lot with trade and becoming cosmopolitan
Chapter 18: Because it introduced agriculture and helped increase the population
What were the changes in and continuities of labor forms, gender relations, and family structures from the previous era to this one?
Periodization: coerced and forced labor developed and there was such thing as “men’s work” and “women’s work” and the women’s work influenced the men’s work.
Chapter 13: Women enjoyed rights that other women didn’t have in other lands. They could legally inherit property, divorce husbands on their own initiative, and engage in business adventures. The Quran and later the sharia reinforced male dominance.
Chapter 14: Patriarchal social structures. Ancestors became more elaborate. Whole extended families traveled great distances to attend rituals venerating their ancestors.
Chapter 15: The caste system helped to maintain order in local communities by providing guidance on individuals’ roles in society and their relationships with others.
Chapter 16/19: women were respected, preformed tasks, and worked alongside men in larger towns.
Periodization: There were diplomatic dealings with Harun al-Rashid. There was political turmoil and other concerns so they laid the foundation of European Christendom- a region that never experienced political unity but adopted Christianity as the dominant source if cultural authority. The Byzantine Empire remained a political and economic powerhouse of the postclassical world. It was also an urbanized center of manufacturing and a highly productive society that both supported and benefited from trade throughout the eastern hemisphere. Both the Byzantine Empire and the European states to the west inherited …show more content…
Christianity from the Roman Empire. However religious and political tensions increasingly complicated relations between the two halves of the former Roman Empire. Byzantine and western Christians expanded the religious and moral authority of Christianity throughout Europe. Merchants, missionaries, migrants, and military conquerors spread religions and languages to new places. The capitals were big political centers.
How did the empires of Dar al Islam change the dynamics of the political and economic systems of the eastern hemisphere?
Chapter 13: It offered guidance on matters as diverse as marriage and family life, inheritance, slavery, business and commercial relationships, and political authority. The Umayyad’s policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy. The Abbasid dynasty was far more cosmopolitan than the Umayyad’s. The Dar al Islam continued to grow in the Abbasid era but the caliphs had little to do with it.
What state policies, mercantile practices, and innovations in transportation contributed to the intensification of cross-cultural exchanges?
Periodization: forms of social organization and techniques of statecraft from the early complex societies. In the classical societies, they found it necessary to devout resources to the construction of roads and discovery of reliable routes over neighboring seas. Transportation and communication networks served as links between their capitals and the distant reaches of their empire.
Chapter 13: The five pillars of Islam. Traveled by Camels and Caravans. The compass helped guide Arab and Persian mariners, from the Hellenistic Mediterranean they borrowed the astrolabe, and instrument that enabled them to calculate latitude, and from Southeast Asian and Indian mariners, they borrowed the lateen sail; a triangular sail that increased a ship’s maneuverability.
Chapter 14: The heavy iron plows, oxen, and water buffalo helped contribute with cross-cultural exchanges.
There was also extensive irrigation system. There were three policies in particular that helped explain the success of the early Tang dynasty: maintenance of a well articulated transportation and communications network, distribution of land according to the principles of the equal-field system, and reliance on a bureaucracy based on a merit.
Chapter 15: Larger ships improved commercial organization supported a dramatic surge in the volume and value of trade. The merchants exchanged goods that they could take back with them for the winter monsoons. The trade supported political and economic developments as well.
Chapter 16/19: Byzantine merchants traded regularly with their Muslim counterparts in Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt during periods of outright war between Byzantium and Muslim states. They profited by controlling trade and levying customs duties on merchandise that passed through the lands. Silk and porcelain came from China. The heavy plow was an innovation that replaced the light Mediterranean plows. It helped aerate the soil and break up networks of weeds.
What were the significant cross-cultural exchanges that resulted from the intensification of trade and communication
routes?
Periodization: artistic, religious, linguistic, and cultural traditions, gunpowder, foods, disease, and animals
Chapter 13: techniques on business organization, innovations in technology
Chapter 14: gunpowder, porcelain, sugarcane, and fruit
Chapter 15: Cotton textiles, sugar refining, leather tanning, stone carving, and carpet weaving. China produced silk, porcelain, and lacquer ware.
Chapter 16/19: fish and furs, silver, wine, glassware, and the heavy plow.
What were the cultural, religious, commercial, and governmental functions of at least 2 major cities in this time period? Do all.
Novgorod:
Timbuktu:
The Swahili city states:
Hangzhou: the Grand Canal, foot binding, Chinese cities boasted populations of one hundred thousand or more, and increased food production.
Calicut:
Baghdad: Abbasid’s associated themselves with Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was a round city and three walls protected it.
Melaka:
Venice:
Tenochtitlan:
Cahokia:
Why could “the Indian Ocean Basin” be a more useful unit of analysis than the separate states of South and Southeast Asia and the Swahili states (from Chapter 18)?
Chapter 15: Since India was in the middle of the Indian Ocean Basin, it was a natural site for emporia and warehouses; this helped a lot with trade and becoming cosmopolitan
Chapter 18: Because it introduced agriculture and helped increase the population
What were the changes in and continuities of labor forms, gender relations, and family structures from the previous era to this one?
Periodization: coerced and forced labor developed and there was such thing as “men’s work” and “women’s work” and the women’s work influenced the men’s work.
Chapter 13: Women enjoyed rights that other women didn’t have in other lands. They could legally inherit property, divorce husbands on their own initiative, and engage in business adventures. The Quran and later the sharia reinforced male dominance.
Chapter 14: Patriarchal social structures. Ancestors became more elaborate. Whole extended families traveled great distances to attend rituals venerating their ancestors.
Chapter 15: The caste system helped to maintain order in local communities by providing guidance on individuals’ roles in society and their relationships with others.
Chapter 16/19: women were respected, preformed tasks, and worked alongside men in larger towns.