Poverty Philippines Causes Constraints

POVERTY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
CAUSES, CONSTRAINTS,
AND OPPORTUNITIES

© 2009 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published 2009.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISBN 978-971-561-857-1
Publication Stock No. RPT090621
Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Asian Development Bank.
Poverty in the Philippines: causes, constraints, and opportunities.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2009.
1. Poverty.

2. Philippines.

I. Asian Development Bank.

The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
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ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.

Note: In this report, “$” refers to US dollars, “P” refers to Philippine pesos.

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LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES, AND APPENDIXES ............................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... viii
PART 1

Executive Summary

References: incidence (Dollar and Kray 2004, Rodrik 2000). down (i.e., 1987–1989, 1994–1997, and 2000– 2003). studies have also shown the importance of illness to poverty descents (Narayan and Petesh 2007).