Problem Set 1.1 Explain Lipoprotein Physiology
Problem Set 1
1. Explain lipoprotein physiology and metabolism (Chapter 15).
- Lipoproteins are a biochemical formation that aid with the transporting of lipids. The four major pathways include Lipid absorption pathway, exogenous pathway, endogenous pathway and reverse cholesterol transport pathway. All of these pathways are dependent on a particular particle know as apo-B that contains lipoproteins which, functions as a transport for dietary and Hepatic lipids to the outer layers of the cells. During the metabolism of these lipoproteins, fatty acids are produced during the lipolysis of many triglycerides.
2. Describe the laboratory tests used to assess lipids and lipoproteins, including principles and procedures. (Chapter 15)
- The test used to assess lipids includes cholesterol measurement which is a measure of total serum cholesterol. The procedure includes the extraction via an organic solvent such as hexanes …show more content…
and reacting it with the Liebermann-Burchard reagent. Triglyceride measurements are used to find genetic or a metabolic disorder. These levels are measured by lipases cleaving to fatty acids that result in glycerol to make glycerolphosphate which, are then react to produce hydrogen peroxide. One of the most common methods used to separate lipoprotein serum is by Electrophoretic separations and chemical precipitation. Currently, many labs use incorporate homogeneous assays for high-density lipoprotein measurements. This is done by a filtration method to separate out the high and low-density lipoproteins. For low-density lipoproteins, the most common method is Beta-quantification combines ultracentrifugation and chemical precipitation.
3. What are the common lipid disorders from clinical and laboratory data? (Chapter 15)
- The most common lipid disorders include Arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia from the clinical and laboratory data.
4. Discuss the incidence and types of lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. (Chapter 15)
-Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are known as dyslipidemia. Different types of abnormalities can be described by its clinical symptoms and laboratory test results. The abnormalities include arteriosclerosis which is the leading cause of death and disability. Hypercholesterolemia is the lipid abnormality that is related to heart diseases. It causes elevated cholesterol levels due to genetic abnormalities in a patient. Another abnormality includes hypertriglyceridemia. Hypertriglyceridemia is a cause of increased levels of triglycerides due to a genetic or a hormonal abnormality in a patient’s pancreas, adrenal glands or diabetes mellitus. Another abnormality is known as a combined hypolipoproteinemia, it is an incidence of increases cholesterol serum and triglycerides. These increased levels are considered to increase the risk of coronary heart diseases. Lipoprotein elevation is an increase in serum concertation which increases the risk of CHD and CVD in Patient. Another lipoprotein abnormality is hypolipoproteinemia which is an associated with decreased levels of LDL cholesterol.
5. What are the reference ranges for the major serum lipids?(Chapter 15)
- The reference ranges for the major serum lipids are Total cholesterol 140–200 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 40–75 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 50–130 mg/dL and Triglyceride 60–150 mg/dL
6. Relate the clinical significance of lipid and lipoprotein values in the assessment of coronary heart disease. (Chapter 15)
- The clinical significance of lipid and lipoprotein values in the assessment of coronary heart disease Include LDL cholesterol is less that one fore concentration of greater than 160 mg/dL, a risk factor of greater that two for the concentration of grater thatn 130mg/dL.
A coronary heart disease or similar risk diseases with a concentration of greater than 100mg/dL. For a high density lipoprotein with a concentration greater than 40mg/dL. Negative risk factors include HDL concentration of 60 mg/dL or greater and a LDL of 100mg/dL or below.
7. Classify carbohydrates into their respective groups. (Chapter 14)
- Carbohydrates can be classified into several different groups. There is general classification where it can be based on the number of carbons present. They can be classified as aldehyde and ketones. The number of sugars present in the molecule can also classify it: mono-, di-, oligo- and poly- saccharides.
8. Discuss the metabolism of carbohydrates in the body and the mode of action of hormones in carbohydrate metabolism. (Chapter
14)
- During carbohydrate metabolism, both salivary and pancreatic amylase play a significant role in the process of digesting nonabsorbable polymer to disaccharides. These disaccharides are the further broken down into monosaccharides an enzyme called maltose in the mucosal membrane. A hepatic portal transports these monosaccharides into the gut from which glucose is stored as glycogen or is used for energy directly. In the regulation of these carbohydrates the two major hormones that aid with metabolism is insulin and glucagon bot of which are produced in the pancreas. Insulin is mainly responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell. And the glucagon is primarily responsible for increasing glucose levels which are synthesized by B-cell present in the pancreas.
9. Differentiate the types of diabetes by clinical symptoms and laboratory findings according to the American Diabetes Association. (Chapter 14)
- According to American diabetes association there are four different types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus Clinical symptoms include Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria, Rapid weight loss, Hyperventilation, mental confusion and possible loss of conscious. Laboratory findings state that it is a cellular mediated B-cell in the patient’s pancreas causing it to have deficiency in insulin secretion. Another form of diabetes includes type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Clinical symptoms for this type include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. In some cases, there may be no symptoms. Laboratory findings comprise of patient being resistant to insulin or containing an insulin deficiency. The third form of diabetes is known as other specific types of diabetes. The symptoms for this type of diabetes are specific to several conditions, such as genetic defects, diseases in patient’s pancreas, insulin receptor abnormalities. Laboratory findings can determine if the patient may have a disorder leading towards a specific type of diabetes. The fourth type of diabetes is known as Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM clinical symptoms include metabolic and hormonal changes that include onset during pregnancy.
1. Explain lipoprotein physiology and metabolism (Chapter 15).
- Lipoproteins are a biochemical formation that aid with the transporting of lipids. The four major pathways include Lipid absorption pathway, exogenous pathway, endogenous pathway and reverse cholesterol transport pathway. All of these pathways are dependent on a particular particle know as apo-B that contains lipoproteins which, functions as a transport for dietary and Hepatic lipids to the outer layers of the cells. During the metabolism of these lipoproteins, fatty acids are produced during the lipolysis of many triglycerides.
2. Describe the laboratory tests used to assess lipids and lipoproteins, including principles and procedures. (Chapter 15)
- The test used to assess lipids includes cholesterol measurement which is a measure of total serum cholesterol. The procedure includes the extraction via an organic solvent such as hexanes …show more content…
and reacting it with the Liebermann-Burchard reagent. Triglyceride measurements are used to find genetic or a metabolic disorder. These levels are measured by lipases cleaving to fatty acids that result in glycerol to make glycerolphosphate which, are then react to produce hydrogen peroxide. One of the most common methods used to separate lipoprotein serum is by Electrophoretic separations and chemical precipitation. Currently, many labs use incorporate homogeneous assays for high-density lipoprotein measurements. This is done by a filtration method to separate out the high and low-density lipoproteins. For low-density lipoproteins, the most common method is Beta-quantification combines ultracentrifugation and chemical precipitation.
3. What are the common lipid disorders from clinical and laboratory data? (Chapter 15)
- The most common lipid disorders include Arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia from the clinical and laboratory data.
4. Discuss the incidence and types of lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. (Chapter 15)
-Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are known as dyslipidemia. Different types of abnormalities can be described by its clinical symptoms and laboratory test results. The abnormalities include arteriosclerosis which is the leading cause of death and disability. Hypercholesterolemia is the lipid abnormality that is related to heart diseases. It causes elevated cholesterol levels due to genetic abnormalities in a patient. Another abnormality includes hypertriglyceridemia. Hypertriglyceridemia is a cause of increased levels of triglycerides due to a genetic or a hormonal abnormality in a patient’s pancreas, adrenal glands or diabetes mellitus. Another abnormality is known as a combined hypolipoproteinemia, it is an incidence of increases cholesterol serum and triglycerides. These increased levels are considered to increase the risk of coronary heart diseases. Lipoprotein elevation is an increase in serum concertation which increases the risk of CHD and CVD in Patient. Another lipoprotein abnormality is hypolipoproteinemia which is an associated with decreased levels of LDL cholesterol.
5. What are the reference ranges for the major serum lipids?(Chapter 15)
- The reference ranges for the major serum lipids are Total cholesterol 140–200 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 40–75 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 50–130 mg/dL and Triglyceride 60–150 mg/dL
6. Relate the clinical significance of lipid and lipoprotein values in the assessment of coronary heart disease. (Chapter 15)
- The clinical significance of lipid and lipoprotein values in the assessment of coronary heart disease Include LDL cholesterol is less that one fore concentration of greater than 160 mg/dL, a risk factor of greater that two for the concentration of grater thatn 130mg/dL.
A coronary heart disease or similar risk diseases with a concentration of greater than 100mg/dL. For a high density lipoprotein with a concentration greater than 40mg/dL. Negative risk factors include HDL concentration of 60 mg/dL or greater and a LDL of 100mg/dL or below.
7. Classify carbohydrates into their respective groups. (Chapter 14)
- Carbohydrates can be classified into several different groups. There is general classification where it can be based on the number of carbons present. They can be classified as aldehyde and ketones. The number of sugars present in the molecule can also classify it: mono-, di-, oligo- and poly- saccharides.
8. Discuss the metabolism of carbohydrates in the body and the mode of action of hormones in carbohydrate metabolism. (Chapter
14)
- During carbohydrate metabolism, both salivary and pancreatic amylase play a significant role in the process of digesting nonabsorbable polymer to disaccharides. These disaccharides are the further broken down into monosaccharides an enzyme called maltose in the mucosal membrane. A hepatic portal transports these monosaccharides into the gut from which glucose is stored as glycogen or is used for energy directly. In the regulation of these carbohydrates the two major hormones that aid with metabolism is insulin and glucagon bot of which are produced in the pancreas. Insulin is mainly responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell. And the glucagon is primarily responsible for increasing glucose levels which are synthesized by B-cell present in the pancreas.
9. Differentiate the types of diabetes by clinical symptoms and laboratory findings according to the American Diabetes Association. (Chapter 14)
- According to American diabetes association there are four different types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus Clinical symptoms include Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria, Rapid weight loss, Hyperventilation, mental confusion and possible loss of conscious. Laboratory findings state that it is a cellular mediated B-cell in the patient’s pancreas causing it to have deficiency in insulin secretion. Another form of diabetes includes type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Clinical symptoms for this type include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. In some cases, there may be no symptoms. Laboratory findings comprise of patient being resistant to insulin or containing an insulin deficiency. The third form of diabetes is known as other specific types of diabetes. The symptoms for this type of diabetes are specific to several conditions, such as genetic defects, diseases in patient’s pancreas, insulin receptor abnormalities. Laboratory findings can determine if the patient may have a disorder leading towards a specific type of diabetes. The fourth type of diabetes is known as Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM clinical symptoms include metabolic and hormonal changes that include onset during pregnancy.