Henry Jacob Festus Ssekibuule University of Fort Hare.
Abstract
This article discusses that public participation is an essential part of human growth in housing delivery in Tyutyu and is the development of self-confidence, pride, initiative, responsibility, cooperation. “Without such a development within the people themselves, all efforts to alleviate their poverty will be immensely more difficult, if not impossible” (Burkey, 1993:56). Housing provision plays a vital role in meeting basic needs; dwellings provide the security required for basic functioning and are thus essential for both human development and the alleviation of poverty.
Keywords: Public participation, housing, South Africa, Tyutyu, policy.
1. Introduction
South Africa has one of the progressive constitutions in the world (Buccus et.al, 2007). It includes the municipal legislative framework that provides for community participation in decision-making at municipal level. However, findings suggest in contrary practice, that citizens have had little experience of benefitting the fruits of this constitutionthis, which is partly due to particularly relevant in contexts of severe poverty but mainly due to and failure by the state to provide basic services. This case study demonstrates the challenges faced by the Centre for Public Participation (CPP), a national NGO, when working to influence central government policy on citizen participation. It is also explores the role and influence of international donors in promoting this agenda.
Historically, South Africa’s housing process is characterised by the previously disadvantage being deprived of housing and property rights which led community protests to rental and service boycotts by communities thus challenging the legitimacy of the government of the time. (Khan & Ambert,
References: Arnstein, SR. (1971) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planning. 35(4) p. 216-224. Australian Capital Territory Bernier, R. 2005. Update on the Public Engagement Pilot Project on Pandemic Influenza (PEP ²Flu). Presentation at the Joint NVAC/ACIP Workgroup Meeting, Washington, DC April 20, 2005. Bond, P Brody, SD. et al. (2003), “Mandating Citizen Participation in Plan Making: Six Strategic Planning Choices”. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 69. Burger, W Chambers, R. 1994. “Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Challenges, potentials and paradigm”. World Development. Elsevier vol. 22(10), pp.1437-54. Convention on Biological Diversity Cooke, B. & Kothari, U. 2001. Participation: the new tyranny? London: Zed. COPR Creighton, JL. 2005. The Public Participation Handbook: Making Better Decisions Through Citizen Involvement. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco. CSIR Golola, LM. 2003. Decentralisation, local bureaucracies and service delivery in Uganda, in Reforming Africa’s Institutions, edited by S Kayizzi-Mugerwa. New York: United Nations University Press. Goodspeed, RC. 2008. Citizen participation and the Internet in urban planning, Final Paper for the Degree of Master of Community Planning, Urban Studies and Planning Program. University of Maryland. Greyling & Manyaka. 1999. Public participation RHP implementation manual. National Aquatic Ecosystem Bio Monitoring Programme. Halverson, KE. 2003. Assessing the effects of public participation. Public Administration Review 63: 535-543. Hassen, E. 2003. When more means less: low income housing and macroeconomic policy in South Africa, in Khan, F. & Thring, P. Housing policy and practice in post–apartheid South Africa. Sandown: Heinemann. Hoosen, F. 2005. An Investigation of the extent of the incorporation of social issues intoEIAs undertaken in South Durban. Honours Dissertation, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban (unpublished). Hutchinson, P. l, 1991, Health Care in Uganda, WDP 404, World Bank DiscussionPaper, Washington: World Bank. Innes, JE. & Booher, DE. 2004. Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory and Practice, vol. 5(4). Jones, B. 1990. Neighbourhood planning: a guide for citizens and planners. Chicago: American Planning Association Planner’s Press. Kay, D. 2006. Development planning and public participation in slum settlements: improving participatory planning in Duncan Village, South Africa. 4th Draft Dissertation, Geography Department, Brigham Young University, Utah. Kayizzi-Mugerwa, S. 1998. Uganda towards result-oriented economic management, Country Economic Report, Stockholm Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). Khan, F. & Ambert, C. 2003. Preface, in Khan, F. & Thring, P. Housing policy and practice in post–apartheid South Africa. Sandown: Heinemann. Kothari, R. 2003. Translating India, Manchester, St. Jerome Publishing, 138. Kotze, D.A. & Kellerman, GEJ. 1997. Participation and managerial approaches to development. In Kotze, D.A. ed. Development, administration and management:A holistic approach. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Kotzé, JL. 2008. Environmental Governance perspectives on compliance and enforcement in South Africa, in Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in South Africa: Legal Perspectives, ed. by Alexander Paterson & Louis J. Kotzé, Cape Town: Juta Publishers. LandoT. 2003. The public hearing process: A tool for citizen participation, or a path toward citizen alienation? National Civic Review 92: 73-82. M. Turner & Hulme, D. 1997. Governance, Administration and Development. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press. Muriisa, R. 2007. NGOs and rural development in Uganda, MPhil thesis, monograph, University of Bergen, Norway. Oakley, P. 1991. Projects with people: the practice of participation in rural development. Geneva: International Labour Office. OECD, 2006. Background document on public consultation, Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate. Open Society Foundation for South Africa. 2007. Effective service delivery in the education and health sectors. A review by AfriMAP and Open Society Foundation for South Africa. Peterson, LE. 2006. South Africa’s bilateral investment treaties implications for development and human rights. Dialogue Globalization Occasional Papers, Geneva. Pollitt, Christopher, Birchall, Johnston & Putnam. 1998. Decentralising Public Service Management. London: Macmillan. Pring, G. 2001. The law of public participation in mining and resources development. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, No. 21a, Oxford. Provincial Budgets and Expenditure Review: (2001/02 – 2007/08 p. 68). Republic of South Africa. 2006. Guideline 4: Public participation, in support of the EIA regulations 2005. Government Gazette, vol. 491, no. 28854, 19 May 2006. Robins, S. 2002. Planning suburban bliss in Joe Slovo Park, Cape Town. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 72(4). Roodt, MJ. 2001. Participation, civil society and development. In Coetzee, JK, Graaff, J, Hendricks, F. & Wood, G., Development theory, policy and practice. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Scott, D. & Oelofse, C. 2005. Social and environmental justice in South African cities: including invisible stakeholders in environmental assessment procedures. Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 48: 3. Shao, AT. 1999. Marketing research: an aid to decision making. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. South Africa (Republic) Municipal finance management act, 2003. (Act 56 of 2003). (Ss21-23). South Africa (Republic) Municipal finance management act, 2003a. (Act 56 of 2003). Pretoria Government Printer. South Africa (Republic). Public finance management Act, 1999. (Act 29 of 1999). Pretoria Government Printer. South Africa, 1998c. Integrated development plans the white paper on local government. South Africa. (Republic) Housing Act, 1997. Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. (Republic) Housing Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998). Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. (Republic) White paper on transforming public service delivery. 1997b. (Batho Pele White Paper). Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. (Republic). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. (Republic). Local government: municipal structures Act, 1998. (Act 117 of 1998). Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. (Republic). Local government: municipal systems act, 2000. (Act 32 of 2000). Pretoria Government Printer. South Africa. (Republic). National capacity building strategy for local government frame work. Unpublished strategy. Department of provincial and local government, 2000. Sowman, M. & Urquhart, P. 1998. A place called home: Environmental issues and low-cost housing. Cape Town: UCT Press. Theron, F. & Wetmore, S. 2005. Appropriate social development research: a newparadigm to explore. In Davids, I., Theron, F., Maphunye, K.J. Participatory development in South Africa :a development management perspective. Pretoria: VanSchaik. Theron, F. 2005a. Trends in micro-level development. In Davids, I., Theron, F., Maphunye, K.J. Participatory development in South Africa: a development managementperspective. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Thompson, T. 2009. People’s budgets in South Africa, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. UCT/UNITAR. 2005. Public participation in environmental decision-making in the new South Africa: A UCT/UNITAR Research Project to Identify Practical Lessons Learned. United Nations Development Programme. 2004. World development report. Washington, DC: United Nations. United Nations General Assembly. 1966a. International covenant on civil and political rights. New York. United Nations General Assembly. 1992. Declaration on the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. (General Assembly resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992.) United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly. 1994b. Draft UN declaration on indigenous peoples. New York. United Nations General Assembly. 2002. Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance. New York. United Nations General Assembly. 2007. Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. (General Assembly resolution 61/295 of 13 September 2007). Geneva, Switzerland. Whittle, N. 2009.EQC Community Liaison, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. Wiseman, K. & Rossouw, N. 2004. Learning from the implementation of environmental public policy instruments after the first ten years of democracy in South Africa. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, vol. (22) 2. WORLD BANK. 2001. Civic engagement in public expenditure management case studies: Uganda tracking public expenditures (PETS), unpublished, Washington, D.C. www.worldbank.org/participation/web/webfiles/cepemcase5.htm Accessed on June, 2010 World Bank World Bank. 2004. Making services work for poor people. World Development Report Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press. Wyngaard, DAC. (2002). Evaluating the provision of low-cost housing in the contextof developmental local government: The case of West bank. Unpublished manuscript. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.