Pyshoanalysis
Introduction to Psychological Theories.
Portfolio Questions.
Behaviourism.
1. Briefly describe Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning (use the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR).
Pavlov found a method of learning by association with stimuli, called classical conditioning and observed dog ‘s behaviour. Pavlov’s demonstrates that dog start to salivate when the food has been offered. Then he resolved that stimuli could be conditioned to obtain conditioned responses. Further he pursued his research by associating food with a bell. As result, the dog salivates. After a given time, the bell itself caused the dog to salivate. Then Pavlov suggested that higher-order conditioning can be practicable.
Pavlov observed that the bell itself stimulates dog to salivate but when it happens in regular basis, the dog or individual can be discriminated and can experiment extinction it can lose interest attached toward food. Its CR becomes weak and ever more disappears. .Therefore, its emotional health can be affected as well as his relationship with others, often with confused behaviour.
Therefore, Pavlov deducted that food is unconditioning Stimuli (UCS) and salivation provoke unconditioning response (UCR). When he added a bell as Conditioning Stimuli (CS), finally he formulated the following theory of classical conditioning:
UCS (Food)........UCR (salivation)
UCS (food) + CS (bell).......UCR (salivation)
US (bell)........CR (salivation)
CS (bell) + CS (ball)...........CR (salivation)
2. Briefly describe what Skinner meant by operant conditioning.
Skinner showed that human and animals learn through reinforcement and the punishment.
So Skinner identified two approaches: reinforcement and punishment. In addition he demonstrated that the above approaches contain positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment.
Furthermore, the principle of reinforcement concerned responses from environment that follows
Portfolio Questions.
Behaviourism.
1. Briefly describe Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning (use the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR).
Pavlov found a method of learning by association with stimuli, called classical conditioning and observed dog ‘s behaviour. Pavlov’s demonstrates that dog start to salivate when the food has been offered. Then he resolved that stimuli could be conditioned to obtain conditioned responses. Further he pursued his research by associating food with a bell. As result, the dog salivates. After a given time, the bell itself caused the dog to salivate. Then Pavlov suggested that higher-order conditioning can be practicable.
Pavlov observed that the bell itself stimulates dog to salivate but when it happens in regular basis, the dog or individual can be discriminated and can experiment extinction it can lose interest attached toward food. Its CR becomes weak and ever more disappears. .Therefore, its emotional health can be affected as well as his relationship with others, often with confused behaviour.
Therefore, Pavlov deducted that food is unconditioning Stimuli (UCS) and salivation provoke unconditioning response (UCR). When he added a bell as Conditioning Stimuli (CS), finally he formulated the following theory of classical conditioning:
UCS (Food)........UCR (salivation)
UCS (food) + CS (bell).......UCR (salivation)
US (bell)........CR (salivation)
CS (bell) + CS (ball)...........CR (salivation)
2. Briefly describe what Skinner meant by operant conditioning.
Skinner showed that human and animals learn through reinforcement and the punishment.
So Skinner identified two approaches: reinforcement and punishment. In addition he demonstrated that the above approaches contain positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment.
Furthermore, the principle of reinforcement concerned responses from environment that follows