shifts in party strategy. When examining the redistricting process, the study shows that parties are highly aware that district intactness is a good that can be strategically allocated to some incumbents and not to others. Even in nominally bipartisan redistricting agreements, 99 majority parties are often successful in creating disparities in district intactness. However, the gains from these disparities, and consequently the utilization of this strategy ploy, are highly conditional on patterns of membership stability: in career legislatures, constituency manipulation leads incumbents to run in unfamiliar areas, and majority parties can accrue advantages both through the loss of personal vote shares.
It also showed that party organizations are highly responsive to the contours of new redistricting plans, and they incorporate this information when deciding which candidates to support financially. In career legislatures, where constituency manipulation is central to redistricting strategy, party organizations focus on districts whose boundaries have been drastically reconfigured, while in springboard legislatures, money flows to districts whose partisan composition has changed significantly. This study is somewhat limited in that it focuses on the most highly observable outputs of party finance and redistricting: direct financial contributions and the physical geography of districts. Looking at the percentage of constituency change can also be a blunt instrument in analyzing the changes districts undergo during the redistricting
process.
Kristen and Joshua suggested that interest groups have a considerable amount of influence over policy adoption and emulation which changes the idea that policy diffusion is driven by the states and, instead, indicates a prominent role for interest groups. They explained that policy spreads were defined by economic competition and social learning. The use of model legislation by state legislators presents a conundrum for the academic literature on the spread of policies across the states. Existing theories support the idea that professional organizations and interest groups help create an information network that aids the spread of policy ideas. The majority of studies, however, only consider state-to-state borrowing of policy ideas. The predominant methodology—event history analysis—limits scholars to examining whether a state adopted a policy or not. In order to study the influence of outside organizations, scholars need a measure of how similar the texts of laws are to model bills. They also tried to uncover effects of model legislation on state lawmaking by extending the plagiarism detection technique to a broad set of 12 issues, which find that state laws are more similar to one another when there is model legislation available on the issue, all else equal.