Redox Reaction Lab
INVESTIGATION
12.A
Target Skills
Determining the reactivity of various metals
Testing Relative Oxidizing and Reducing
Strengths of Metal Atoms and Ions
By observing whether reactions occur between solid metals and metal ions in solution, you can determine the order of oxidizing and reducing agents according to strength. Question
How can the presence or absence of a reaction provide information about the relative strength of oxidizing and reducing agents?
Safety Precautions
•
Wear goggles, gloves, and an apron for all parts of this investigation. •
If you spill any solution on your skin, wash it off with large amounts of water.
•
Wash your hands when you have completed the investigation. Materials
• 4 small pieces …show more content…
of each of the following metals:
- aluminium foil
- thin copper wire or tiny copper beads
- iron filings
- magnesium
- zinc
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dropper bottles containing dilute solutions of
- aluminium sulfate
- copper(II) sulfate
- iron(II) sulfate
- magnesium sulfate
- zinc nitrate well plate white paper
Procedure
1. Place the well plate on a piece of white paper.
Label the paper to match the data table below.
Metal
Compound
Al2(SO4)3(aq) CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq)
Al(s)
Cu(s)
Fe(s)
Mg(s)
Zn(s)
438 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
Analyzing data to derive a simple reduction table
Using appropriate numeric and symbolic modes of representation to communicate equations 2. Place the four small pieces of each metal, about the size of a grain of rice, into the well plate. Use the data table as a guide for placement of metals.
Cover each piece of metal with a few drops of the appropriate solution. Wait 3–5 min to observe whether a reaction occurs.
3. Look for evidence of a chemical reaction in each mixture. Record the results by using a “y” for a reaction and an “n” for no reaction. If you are unsure, repeat the process on a larger scale in a small test tube.
4. Discard the mixtures into the waste beaker supplied by your teacher. Do not pour anything down the drain.
Analysis
1. For each single-replacement reaction that proceeded spontaneously, write
a) a complete balanced equation
b) an ionic equation
c) a net ionic equation
2. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each of the reactions that proceeded spontaneously. 3. Make a simple redox table similar to Table 12.1 that contains all the metal atoms and metal ions that you analyzed in this investigation. Note that the ion that was able to oxidize all other metal atoms is placed at the top of the left column. In the next row, place the ion that oxidized all but the first metal atom. Complete the table.
Conclusion
4. Based on your observations, do you think that there are any properties of metal atoms or ions that would allow a chemist to predict whether one would be a better oxidizing or reducing than another? Explain your reasoning.
Predicting the Spontaneity of Redox Reactions
Table 12.2 Oxidation-Reduction Table
An analysis of the redox table that you created
Strongest Oxidizing Weakest Reducing in Investigation 12.A shows you that metal
Agent
Agent ions can act as oxidizing agents because they
Au+(aq)
Au(s) can remove electrons from certain metal
Pt2+(aq)
Pt(s)
Ag2+(aq)
Ag(s) atoms. Likewise, metal atoms act as reducing
Hg2+(aq)
Hg(s) agents because they can donate electrons to
Cu2+(aq)
Cu(s) certain ions. By performing many experiments
Sn2+(aq)
Sn(s)
Ni2+(aq)
Ni(s) similar to those in Investigation 12.A, chemists
2+(aq)
Co
Co(s)
have determined the relative strengths of many
Tl+(aq)
Tl(s) ions as oxidizing agents and atoms as reducing
Cd2+(aq)
Cd(s) agents. Table 12.2 lists the results of some of
Fe2+(aq)
Fe(s)
Cr3+(aq)
Cr(s) those experiments. Notice that the strength of
Zn2+(aq)
Zn(s) the ions as oxidizing agents increases as you go
Al3+(aq)
Al(s) up the list on the left. The strength of metal
Mg2+(aq)
Mg(s)
Ca2+(aq)
Ca(s) atoms as reducing agents increases as you go
Ba2+(aq)
Ba(s) down the list on the right.
Weakest Oxidizing Strongest Reducing
You can use Table 12.2 to predict whether a
Agent
Agent reaction between atoms of one element and ions of another element will spontaneously undergo a redox reaction. Remember that a stronger reducing agent loses electrons more readily than does a weaker reducing agent. A stronger oxidizing agent gains electrons more readily than does a weaker oxidizing agent.
The following steps and examples in Figure 12.5 will help you predict the spontaneity of redox reactions.
•
•
•
•
•
Write the net ionic equation.
Add arrows to indicate the gain and loss of electrons.
Identify the stronger reducing and oxidizing agents.
If the stronger reducing agent is losing electrons and stronger oxidizing agent is gaining electrons, the reaction will proceed spontaneously.
If the stronger reducing agent has gained electrons and stronger oxidizing agent has lost electrons, the reaction will NOT proceed spontaneously.
Example 1
Example 2
Does the reaction between metallic tin and platnium nitrate proceed spontaneously? Does the reaction between metallic iron(II) and magnesium nitrate proceed spontaneously? loses 2e-
loses 2e-
Sn(s) + Pt2+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) + Pt(s) stronger reducing agent stronger oxidizing agent
Figure 12.5 These examples show you how to apply the steps listed above. gains 2e-
The stronger reducing agent is losing electrons and the stronger oxidizing agent is gaining electrons. Therefore, the reaction will proceed spontaneously.
Fe(s) + Mg2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Mg(s) gains 2estronger oxidizing agent
stronger reducing agent
The stronger reducing agent has gained electrons and the stronger oxidizing agent has lost electrons. Therefore, the reaction will NOT proceed spontaneously.
Notice that, when the stronger reducing and oxidizing agents are on the left of the equation, the reaction proceeds spontaneously. When the stronger reducing and oxidizing agents are on the right of the equation, the reaction does NOT proceed spontaneously. Use this information to help you answer the following questions.
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
439
•••
ChemistryFile
Use Table 12.2 to answer the following questions.
FYI
Be cautious when using oxidation-reduction tables or activity series in other chemistry texts or tables books. Tables are not always written in the same direction as those in this textbook. Be sure to identify the direction of higher and lower activities or of stronger versus weaker oxidizing or reducing agents. Use the concepts of activity and of oxidation and reduction instead of memorizing “up” or “down.”
Q Which of the following reactions will proceed spontaneously?
5
a) solid aluminium and aqueous copper sulfate
b) aqueous calcium nitrate and solid nickel
c) solid chromium and aqueous silver nitrate
d) aqueous barium sulfate and solid tin
Q If you wanted to demonstrate the appearance of a reaction between a solid
6
and an ionic solution and the solid you wanted to use was cobalt, which of the following aqueous solutions would you use? Explain why.
a) silver nitrate
b) zinc sulfate
Q List three solid metals that, when placed in an aqueous solution of cadmium
7
chloride, will react spontaneously. Write net ionic equations for the reactions.
Q List three soluble salts that would react spontaneously with solid tin. Write net
8
ionic equations for the reactions.
•••
Section 12.1 Summary
•
•
•
•
•
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The operational definition of oxidation is any reaction involving molecular oxygen.
The theoretical definition of oxidation is the loss of electrons.
The operational definition of reduction is the extracting of metals from metal ore. The theoretical definition of reduction is the gain of electrons.
If one atom is oxidized in a reaction, another atom must be reduced.
An oxidizing agent accepts electrons from another compound and becomes reduced.
A reducing agent donates electrons to another compound and becomes oxidized.
You can experimentally determine whether one element is a stronger reducing agent or a stronger oxidizing agent than the other. From accumulated data, you can predict whether a given reaction will proceed spontaneously.
SECTION 12.1 REVIEW
1. Explain why oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together. Use the theoretical definitions of oxidation and reduction in your answer.
2. Explain why, in a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent undergoes reduction.
3. Write equations that represent three different spontaneous reactions in which calcium is oxidized.
4. When metallic lithium is a reactant in a formation reaction, does it act as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent? Explain.
5. Predict whether each of the following singlereplacement reactions will proceed spontaneously. For those that will, write a complete balanced equation, an ionic equation, and a net ionic equation. Use the redox table that you generated in Investigation 12.A.
440 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
a) aqueous silver nitrate and metallic cadmium
b) solid gold and aqueous copper(II) sulfate
c) solid aluminium and aqueous mercury(II) chloride
6. Write a net ionic equation for a spontaneous reaction in which a) Fe2+(aq) acts as an oxidizing agent
b) Al(s) acts as a reducing agent
c) Au3+(aq) acts as an oxidizing agent
d) Cu(s) acts as a reducing agent
7. Potassium is made industrially through the singledisplacement reaction of molten sodium with molten potassium chloride.
a) Write a net ionic equation for the reaction, assuming that all reactants and products are in the liquid state.
b) Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in the reaction.
Oxidation half-reaction:
Step 4 Remove the electrons and any other identical
3 [CN−(aq) + 2OH−(aq) → CNO−(aq) + H2O( ) + 2e−]
molecules or ions present on both sides of the equation:
3CN−(aq) + 6OH−(aq) → 3CNO−(aq) + 3H2O( ) + 6e−
2MnO4−(aq) + 4H2O( ) + 6e− + 3CN−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)
Reduction half-reaction:
→ 2MnO2(s) + 8OH−(aq) + 3CNO−(aq) +
2 [MnO4−(aq) + 2H2O( ) + 3e− →
MnO2(s) + 4OH−(aq)]
3H2O( ) + 6e−
2MnO4−(aq) + H2O( ) + 3CN−(aq) →
2MnO4−(aq) + 4H2O( ) + 6e− → 2MnO2(s) + 8OH−(aq)
Step 3 Add the balanced half-reactions:
2MnO4−(aq) + 4H2O( ) + 6e− + 3CN−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)
→ 2MnO2(s) + 8OH−(aq) + 3CNO−(aq) + 3H2O( ) + 6e−
2MnO2(s) + 2OH−(aq) + 3CNO−(aq)
The atoms of each element are balanced, and there is a net charge of minus five on each side of the equation.
The equation is balanced.
Practice Problems
2. Balance each of the following ionic equations for basic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each case:
a) MnO4−(aq) + I−(aq)→ MnO42−(aq) + IO3−(aq)
b) H2O2(aq) + ClO2(aq) → ClO−(aq) + O2(g)
c) ClO−(aq) + CrO2−(aq) → CrO42−(aq) + Cl2(g)
d) Al(s) + NO−(aq) → NH3(g) + AlO2−(aq)
1. Balance each of the following ionic equations for acidic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each case:
a) MnO4−(aq) + Ag(s) → Mn2+(aq) + Ag+(aq)
b) Hg( ) + NO3−(aq) + Cl−(aq) →
HgCl42−(s) + NO2(g)
2+
c) AsH3(s) + Zn (aq) → H3AsO4(aq) + Zn(s)
d) I2(s) + OCl−(aq) → IO3−(aq) + Cl−(aq)
In the next investigation, you will carry out several redox reactions, including reactions of acids with metals and the combustion of hydrocarbons.
INVESTIGATION
12.B
Target Skills
Redox Reactions and Balanced Equations
You have practised balancing equations for redox reactions, but can you predict the products of a redox reaction? Can you determine whether a reaction has occurred and, if so, whether it was a redox reaction?
In this investigation, you will develop these skills.
Question
How can you tell whether a redox reaction occurs when reactants are mixed? Can you observe the transfer of electrons in the mixture?
Predictions
• Predict which metals of magnesium, zinc, copper, and aluminium can be oxidized by aqueous hydrogen ions
(acidic solution). Explain your reasoning.
• Predict whether metals that cannot be oxidized by hydrogen ions can be dissolved in acids. Explain your reasoning.
448 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
Describing procedures for the safe handling and disposal of acids and products of hydrocarbon combustion
Analyzing data from an experiment on redox reactions
Using appropriate numeric and symbolic representations to communicate equations for redox reactions
•
Predict whether the combustion of a hydrocarbon is a redox reaction. What assumptions have you made about the products?
Safety Precautions
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•
The acid solutions are corrosive. Handle them with care.
If you accidentally spill a solution on your skin, wash the area immediately with copious amounts of cool water. If you get any acid in your eyes, use the eye wash station immediately. Inform your teacher.
Sample Problem
Balancing a Disproportionation Reaction
Problem
Balance the following unbalanced equation for the disproportionation, in an acidic solution, of nitrous acid,
HNO2(aq), forming nitric acid, HNO3(aq); nitrogen monoxide, NO(g); and water:
HNO2(aq) → HNO3(aq) + NO(g) + H2O( )
Solution
First, write the ionic and then the net ionic equations.
H+(aq) + NO2−(aq) → H+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + NO(g)
+ H2O( )
NO2−(aq) → NO3−(aq) + NO(g) + H2O( )
Step 1 Write the unbalanced half-reactions that show the formulas of the given reactant(s) and product(s).
The solution is acidic, so skip to step 8.
Step 8 Balance the charges by adding electrons.
Oxidation half-reaction: There is one negative charge on the left side of the equation and a net charge of plus one on the right. To balance the charges, add two electrons to the right side:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net charge of plus one on the left side of the equation and zero on the right.
To balance the charges, add one electron to the left side:
NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e− → NO(g) + H2O( )
The half-reactions are balanced. Now balance the entire equation. Step 1 Determine the lowest common multiple of the
Step 2 Balance any atoms other than oxygen and
numbers of electrons in the oxidation and reduction halfreactions.There were two electrons lost in the oxidation half-reaction and one electron was gained in the reduction half-reaction. The lowest common multiple of 1 and 2 is 2.
hydrogen first.
Step 2 Multiply one or both half-reactions by the number
Oxidation half-reaction: The nitrogen atoms are already balanced. that will bring the number of electrons to the lowest common multiple.
Reduction half-reaction: The nitrogen atoms are already balanced. Step 3 Balance any oxygen atoms by adding water molecules. Oxidation half-reaction:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−
Oxidation half-reaction: NO2−(aq) → NO3−(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: NO2−(aq) → NO(g)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are two oxygen atoms in the nitrite ion on the left side of the equation and three oxygen atoms in the nitrate ion on the right side. Therefore, add one water molecule to the left side of the equation:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: There are two oxygen atoms in the nitrite ion on the left side of the equation and one oxygen atom in the nitrogen monoxide on the right side.
Therefore, add one water molecule to the right side:
NO2−(aq) → NO(g) + H2O( )
Step 4 Balance any hydrogen atoms by adding hydrogen
ions.
Oxidation half-reaction: There are two hydrogen atoms in the water molecule on the left side of the equation and zero on the right. Therefore, add two hydrogen ions to the right side:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: There are two hydrogen atoms in the water molecule on the right side of the equation and zero on the left. Therefore, add two hydrogen ions to the left side:
Reduction half-reaction:
2[NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e− → NO(g) + H2O( )]
2 NO2−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− → 2NO(g) + 2H2O( )
Step 3 Add the balanced half-reactions:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) + 2NO2−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− →
NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− + 2NO(g) + 2H2O( )
Step 4 Remove the electrons and any other identical
molecules or ions that are present on both sides of the equation:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) + 2NO2−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− →
NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq)+ 2e− + 2NO(g) + 2H2O( )
NO2−(aq) + 2NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) →
NO3−(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
3NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) → NO3−(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
Step 5 If spectator ions were removed when forming
half-reactions, add them back to the equation. One hydrogen ion was removed when forming half-reactions:
3NO2−(aq) + 3H+(aq) →
H+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
There are three nitrogen atoms, three hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms on each side of the equation. The net charge on each side is zero. The equation is balanced.
NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) → NO(g) + H2O( )
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
451
Sample Problem
The chloride ions are spectator ions, which do not undergo oxidation or reduction. The net ionic equation is as follows:
Identifying Redox Reactions
Problem
Determine whether each of the following reactions is a redox reaction. If so, identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent:
a) CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
b) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
CaCl2(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
c) 3HNO2(aq) → HNO3(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
Solution
Find the oxidation number of each atom in the reactants and products. Identify any atoms that undergo an increase or a decrease in oxidation number during the reaction.
a) The oxidation number of each element in the reactants and products is as shown:
#(G #LG Ɛ#(#LG (#LG
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 on both sides of the equation, so hydrogen is neither oxidized nor reduced.
• Both carbon and chlorine undergo changes in oxidation number, so the reaction is a redox reaction.
• The oxidation number of carbon increases from
−4 to −2. The carbon atoms on the reactant side exist in methane molecules, CH4(g), so methane is oxidized. Therefore, methane is the reducing agent.
• The oxidation number of chlorine decreases from
0 to −1, so elemental chlorine, Cl2(g) , is reduced.
Therefore, elemental chlorine is the oxidizing agent.
b) Because this reaction involves ions, write the equation in its ionic form:
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl− →
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
For the net ionic equation, the oxidation number of each atom in the reactants and products is as shown:
#A#/S ( AQ Ɛ#A AQ (/Ű #/G
No atoms undergo changes in oxidation numbers, so the reaction is not a redox reaction.
c) Because this reaction involves ions, write the equation in its ionic form. The oxidation number of each atom or ion in the reactants and products is as shown:
+
3H (aq) + 3NO2-(aq) →
+1
+3 -2
H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
+1
+5 -2
+2 -2
+1 -2
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 on both sides of the equation, so hydrogen is neither oxidized nor reduced.
• The oxidation number of oxygen is −2 on both sides of the equation, so oxygen is neither oxidized nor reduced.
• The only remaining atoms are nitrogen atoms.
Nitrogen atoms are found in two different compounds among the products, and the nitrogen atoms in these compounds have different oxidation numbers.
Therefore, this is a disproportionation reaction.
• The oxidation number of one nitrogen atom increases from +3 to +5; therefore, it is oxidized.
• The oxidation number of two of the nitrogen atoms decreases from +3 to +2; therefore, they are reduced.
• Nitrous acid, HNO2(aq), is both the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
Practice Problems
11. Which of the following are redox reactions? Identify any disproportionation reactions:
a) H2O2(aq) + 2Fe(OH)2(s) → 2Fe(OH)3(s)
b) PCl3( ) + 3H2O( ) → H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
c) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O( )
d) 3NO2(g) + H2O( ) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
12. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent for the redox reaction(s) in the previous question.
13. For the following balanced net ionic equation, identify the reactant that undergoes oxidation and the reactant that undergoes reduction:
Br2( ) + 2ClO2−(aq) → 2Br−(aq) + 2ClO2(aq)
14. Nickel and copper ores usually contain the metals as sulfides, such as NiS(s) and Cu2S(s). Does the extraction of these pure elemental metals from their ores involve redox reactions? Explain your reasoning.
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
461
Section 12.3 Summary
•
Some redox equations cannot be written as half-reactions. You can use the method of oxidation numbers to balance these equations.
•
An oxidation number of an atom in a compound is the charge that the atom would have if, instead of sharing electrons, the electrons were held by the atom having the greatest electronegativity.
•
You can assign oxidation numbers by following a set of rules.
•
Sometimes the rules lead to fractional oxidation numbers. In these cases, you can determine the oxidation numbers for individual atoms in a compound by using
Lewis structures.
•
If the oxidation number of an atom increases in a reaction, it indicates a loss of
electrons.
If the oxidation number of an atom decreases in a reaction, it indicates a gain of electrons.
•
You can balance an equation by finding the coefficients that make the number of electrons lost by one atom of one element equal to the number of electrons gained by atoms of another element. You then balance the rest of the equation by inspection.
SECTION 12.3 REVIEW
1. Determine whether each of the following reactions is a redox reaction:
a) H2(g) + I2(s) → 2HI(aq)
b) 2NaHCO3(aq) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
c) 2HBr(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaBr2(aq) + 2H2O( )
d) PCl5( ) → PCl3( ) + Cl2(g)
2. Write three different definitions for a redox reaction.
3. Explain why fluorine has an oxidation number of −1 in all its compounds other than fluorine gas, F2(g).
4. When atoms of one element combine with atoms of another element, is the reaction a redox reaction?
Explain your answer.
5. a) Use the oxidation number rules to find the oxidation number of sulfur in a thiosulfate ion, S2O32−(aq).
b) The Lewis structure of a thiosulfate ion is given here. Use the Lewis structure to find the oxidation number of each sulfur atom.
ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ
/
ģ ģ ģ ģ
ģ ģ
/ 3 3
/
ģ
ģ
ģ ģ
ģ ģ ģ ģ
ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ
ģ ģ ģ ģ
c) Compare your results from parts (a) and (b) and explain any differences.
d) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using
Lewis structures to assign oxidation numbers?
e) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the oxidation number rules to assign oxidation numbers?
466 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
6. a) The Haber process for the production of ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is a very important industrial process. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Use oxidation numbers to identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
b) When ammonia reacts with nitric acid to make the common fertilizer ammonium nitrate, is the reaction a redox reaction? Explain. (Hint: Consider the two polyatomic ions in the product separately.)
7. Balance each equation by the method of your choice.
Explain your choice of method in each case:
a) CH3COOH(aq) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O( )
b) O2(g) + H2SO4(aq) → HSO4−(aq) (acidic conditions)
8. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equations:
a) NH3(g) + Cl2(g) → NH4Cl(aq) + N2(g)
b) Mn3O4(aq) + Al(s) → Al2O3(aq) + Mn(s)
9. Explain why, in redox reactions, the total increase in the oxidation numbers of the oxidized elements must equal the total decrease in the oxidation numbers of the reduced elements.
10. The combustion of ammonia in oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide and water vapour involves covalent molecules in the gas phase. Use the oxidation number method for balancing the equation.
Figure 12.14 The photo on the right shows the endpoint of the titration of a solution containing oxalate ions with a solution containing permanganate ions. In the balanced equation, the ratio of
MnO4− (aq) to
OOCCOO2- (aq) is 2:5.
This ratio means that at the endpoint, 2 mol of
MnO4− (aq) have been added for every 5 mol of C2O42− (aq) that were present initially.
2MnO4-(aq)
+7 -2
permanganate
5OOCCOO2-(aq)
+ +3 -2
+
16H+
oxalate
hydrogen ion
+1
2Mn2+(aq)
→
+2
manganese (II)
10CO2(g)
+
8H2O( )
+ +1 -2 carbon dioxide water +4 -2
The permanganate ion can also be used to oxidize hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq).
The following equation shows the redox reaction in acidic conditions:
5H2O2(aq) + 2MnO4−(aq) + 6H+(aq) → 5O2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O( )
Aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide sold in pharmacies are often about 3%
H2O2(aq) by mass. In solution, however, hydrogen peroxide decomposes steadily to form water and oxygen.
Suppose that you need to use a hydrogen peroxide solution with a concentration of at least 2.5% by mass for a certain experiment. Your 3% H2O2(aq) is not fresh, so it might have decomposed significantly. How do you find out whether your H2O2(aq) solution is concentrated enough? The following Sample Problem shows how to solve this problem by using data from the titration of the hydrogen peroxide solution with a solution of potassium permanganate.
Sample Problem
Redox Titrations
Problem
You are using a 0.011 43 mol/L KMnO4(aq) solution to determine the percentage by mass of an aqueous solution of H2O2(aq). You know that the peroxide solution is about
3% H2O2(aq) by mass.
You prepare the sample by adding 1.423 g of the hydrogen peroxide solution to an Erlenmeyer flask.
(Although the hydrogen peroxide is in aqueous solution, you can determine the mass by placing an empty flask on a balance and adding peroxide with a pipette.) You add about 75 mL of water to dilute the solution. You also add some dilute sulfuric acid to acidify the solution.
You reach the light-purple-coloured endpoint of the titration when you have added 40.22 mL of the
KMnO4(aq) solution. What is the percent, by mass, of the peroxide solution? mass of peroxide
(Percent by mass is defined as: __ × 100%) total mass of solution
468 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of H2O2(aq) in the sample. You need to express your result as a mass percent.
What Is Given?
Concentration of KMnO4(aq) = 0.011 43 mol/L
Volume of KMnO4(aq) = 40.22 mL
Mass of H2O2(aq) solution = 1.423 g
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Step 2 Calculate the amount (in mol) of permanganate
ion added, based on the volume and concentration of the potassium permanganate solution. Step 3 Determine the amount (in mol) of hydrogen
peroxide needed to reduce the permanganate ions.
Step 4 Determine the mass of hydrogen peroxide, based
on the molar mass of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, express your answer as a mass percent of the hydrogen peroxide solution, as the question directs.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 The redox equation was provided on the previous page. It is already balanced:
−(aq) + 6H+(aq) →
5H2O2(aq) + 2MnO4
5O2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O( )
−(aq) is the same as
Step 2 The concentration of MnO4
Step 4
g g MH2O2(aq) = 2 1.01 _ + 2 16 _ mol mol g = 34.02 _ mol (
mH2O2(aq) = nMH2O2(aq)
(
(
)
)
0.03909 g
H2O2 percent (m/m) = _ 100%
1.432 g
= 2.730%
n = cV
)
mol n = 0.011 43 _ (0.040 22 L)
L
n = 4.597 × 10-4 mol
Step 3 Permanganate ions react with hydrogen peroxide
in a 2:5 ratio, as shown by the coefficients in the balanced equation:
Amount (in moles) H2O2(aq)
5 mol H2O2(aq) n = __ (4.597 × 10-4 mol MnO4-(aq))
2 mol MnO4(aq)
(
)
g
= (1.149 × 10-3 mol) 34.02 _ mol = 0.039 09 g
the concentration of KMnO4(aq):
(
) (
)
= 1.149 × 10-3 mol H
2O2(aq)
Check Your Solution
The units are correct. The value for the mass of pure
H2O2(aq) that you obtained is less than the mass of the
H2O2(aq) sample solution, as you would expect. The mass percent you obtained for the solution is close to the expected value. It makes sense that the value is somewhat less than 3%, since H2O2(aq) decomposes in solution, forming water and oxygen.
Using Dimensional Analysis:
)(
(5 mol H2O2(aq) mol mH2O2(aq) = 0.011 43 _ MnO4–(aq) 0.040 22 L) __
L
2 mol MnO4–(aq)
= 0.039 09 g
(
)(
g
34.02 _ mol )
Practice Problems
19. An analyst prepares a H2O2(aq) sample solution by placing 1.284 g of H2O2(aq) solution in a flask then diluting it with water and adding sulfuric acid to acidify it. The analyst titrates the H2O2(aq) sample solution with 0.020 45 mol/L KMnO4(aq) and determines that 38.95 mL of KMnO4(aq) is required to reach the endpoint.
a) What is the mass of pure H2O2(aq) that is present in the sample solution?
b) What is the mass percent of pure H2O2(aq) in the sample solution?
20. A forensic chemist wants to determine the level of alcohol in a sample of blood plasma. The chemist titrates the plasma with a solution of potassium dichromate. The balanced equation is
16H+(aq) + 2Cr2O72−(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) →
4Cr3+(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 11H2O( )
21. An analyst titrates an acidified solution containing
0.153 g of purified sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4(aq), with a potassium permanganate solution,
KMnO4(aq). The light purple endpoint is reached when the chemist has added 41.45 mL of potassium permanganate solution. What is the molar concentration of the potassium permanganate solution? The balanced equation is
2MnO4−(aq) + 5Na2C2O4(aq) + 16H+(aq) →
10Na+ + 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O( )
22. 25.00 mL of a solution containing iron(II) ions was titrated with a 0.020 43 mol/L potassium dichromate solution. The endpoint was reached when 35.55 mL of potassium dichromate solution had been added. What was the molar concentration of iron(II) ions in the original, acidic solution? The unbalanced equation is
Cr2O72−(aq) + Fe2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)
If 32.35 mL of 0.050 23 mol/L Cr2O72−(aq) is required to titrate 27.00 g plasma, what is the mass percent of alcohol in the plasma?
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
469
Chapter 12
Combustion reactions occur when atoms or compounds react violently with molecular oxygen. It is said that the compound is oxidized. However, other compounds or atoms can react with oxygen very slowly and generate imperceptible amounts of heat. These are also oxidation reactions. Chemists realized that the effects of oxidation on an atom could be achieved by reactions with elements other than oxygen. The modern definition of oxidation is therefore, the loss of electrons. The term reduction was originally applied to the reduction in the mass when ore was converted into pure metals. To extract a pure metal from ore, electrons must be added to the metal ions to convert them into atoms. Today, reduction of an atom means to add electrons to it.
Because electrons cannot exist free of atoms for any significant period of time, they must be passed from one atom to another. Therefore, if one atom is oxidized (loses electrons) in a chemical reaction, another atom must be reduced (gain electrons). Thus such reactions are called oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
Some redox reactions such as the reaction between zinc metal and copper sulfate proceed spontaneously.
Since the zinc atoms lost electrons they were oxidized by the copper ions. Also, the copper ions gained electrons and were reduced by the zinc atoms. Since the reaction was spontaneous, the zinc must be a stronger reducing agent than copper atoms and copper ions must be a stronger oxidizing agent than zinc ions. By experimentally observing which reactions proceed spontaneously, you can list elements in the order of their strength as reducing agents. This order allows you to predict the results of other reactions.
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Many redox equations can be balanced by inspection but others, especially those that take place in acidic or basic conditions, are more difficult to balance by inspection. You can balance these reactions either by the half-reaction method or by the oxidation number method. The half-reaction method involves separating the reactions into oxidizing half-reactions and reduction half reactions, balancing the half-reactions according to a list of rules, and then adding the half-reactions. The oxidation number method involves assigning oxidation numbers to each element in each compound and then determining which atoms increased or decreased in oxidation number during the reactions. You use the increase and decrease in oxidation number to balance the number of electrons that were exchanged by the atoms.
The remainder of he equations can often be balanced by inspection. Iron ore is converted into partially pure pig iron by several reduction reactions. The pig iron is then refined by oxidation reaction. The contaminants in the pig iron, such as silicon and phosphorous, are oxidized more easily than the iron, making it possible to remove then.
You can often determine the concentration of a compound in a sample of unknown concentration by performing a redox titration. To perform a redox titration, you react the compound of the unknown concentration with another compound that will either oxidize or reduce the unknown. Some compounds have different colours in their oxidized versus reduced forms and these colours provide you with a visible endpoint.
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Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
473
12.A
Target Skills
Determining the reactivity of various metals
Testing Relative Oxidizing and Reducing
Strengths of Metal Atoms and Ions
By observing whether reactions occur between solid metals and metal ions in solution, you can determine the order of oxidizing and reducing agents according to strength. Question
How can the presence or absence of a reaction provide information about the relative strength of oxidizing and reducing agents?
Safety Precautions
•
Wear goggles, gloves, and an apron for all parts of this investigation. •
If you spill any solution on your skin, wash it off with large amounts of water.
•
Wash your hands when you have completed the investigation. Materials
• 4 small pieces …show more content…
of each of the following metals:
- aluminium foil
- thin copper wire or tiny copper beads
- iron filings
- magnesium
- zinc
•
•
•
dropper bottles containing dilute solutions of
- aluminium sulfate
- copper(II) sulfate
- iron(II) sulfate
- magnesium sulfate
- zinc nitrate well plate white paper
Procedure
1. Place the well plate on a piece of white paper.
Label the paper to match the data table below.
Metal
Compound
Al2(SO4)3(aq) CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq)
Al(s)
Cu(s)
Fe(s)
Mg(s)
Zn(s)
438 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
Analyzing data to derive a simple reduction table
Using appropriate numeric and symbolic modes of representation to communicate equations 2. Place the four small pieces of each metal, about the size of a grain of rice, into the well plate. Use the data table as a guide for placement of metals.
Cover each piece of metal with a few drops of the appropriate solution. Wait 3–5 min to observe whether a reaction occurs.
3. Look for evidence of a chemical reaction in each mixture. Record the results by using a “y” for a reaction and an “n” for no reaction. If you are unsure, repeat the process on a larger scale in a small test tube.
4. Discard the mixtures into the waste beaker supplied by your teacher. Do not pour anything down the drain.
Analysis
1. For each single-replacement reaction that proceeded spontaneously, write
a) a complete balanced equation
b) an ionic equation
c) a net ionic equation
2. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each of the reactions that proceeded spontaneously. 3. Make a simple redox table similar to Table 12.1 that contains all the metal atoms and metal ions that you analyzed in this investigation. Note that the ion that was able to oxidize all other metal atoms is placed at the top of the left column. In the next row, place the ion that oxidized all but the first metal atom. Complete the table.
Conclusion
4. Based on your observations, do you think that there are any properties of metal atoms or ions that would allow a chemist to predict whether one would be a better oxidizing or reducing than another? Explain your reasoning.
Predicting the Spontaneity of Redox Reactions
Table 12.2 Oxidation-Reduction Table
An analysis of the redox table that you created
Strongest Oxidizing Weakest Reducing in Investigation 12.A shows you that metal
Agent
Agent ions can act as oxidizing agents because they
Au+(aq)
Au(s) can remove electrons from certain metal
Pt2+(aq)
Pt(s)
Ag2+(aq)
Ag(s) atoms. Likewise, metal atoms act as reducing
Hg2+(aq)
Hg(s) agents because they can donate electrons to
Cu2+(aq)
Cu(s) certain ions. By performing many experiments
Sn2+(aq)
Sn(s)
Ni2+(aq)
Ni(s) similar to those in Investigation 12.A, chemists
2+(aq)
Co
Co(s)
have determined the relative strengths of many
Tl+(aq)
Tl(s) ions as oxidizing agents and atoms as reducing
Cd2+(aq)
Cd(s) agents. Table 12.2 lists the results of some of
Fe2+(aq)
Fe(s)
Cr3+(aq)
Cr(s) those experiments. Notice that the strength of
Zn2+(aq)
Zn(s) the ions as oxidizing agents increases as you go
Al3+(aq)
Al(s) up the list on the left. The strength of metal
Mg2+(aq)
Mg(s)
Ca2+(aq)
Ca(s) atoms as reducing agents increases as you go
Ba2+(aq)
Ba(s) down the list on the right.
Weakest Oxidizing Strongest Reducing
You can use Table 12.2 to predict whether a
Agent
Agent reaction between atoms of one element and ions of another element will spontaneously undergo a redox reaction. Remember that a stronger reducing agent loses electrons more readily than does a weaker reducing agent. A stronger oxidizing agent gains electrons more readily than does a weaker oxidizing agent.
The following steps and examples in Figure 12.5 will help you predict the spontaneity of redox reactions.
•
•
•
•
•
Write the net ionic equation.
Add arrows to indicate the gain and loss of electrons.
Identify the stronger reducing and oxidizing agents.
If the stronger reducing agent is losing electrons and stronger oxidizing agent is gaining electrons, the reaction will proceed spontaneously.
If the stronger reducing agent has gained electrons and stronger oxidizing agent has lost electrons, the reaction will NOT proceed spontaneously.
Example 1
Example 2
Does the reaction between metallic tin and platnium nitrate proceed spontaneously? Does the reaction between metallic iron(II) and magnesium nitrate proceed spontaneously? loses 2e-
loses 2e-
Sn(s) + Pt2+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) + Pt(s) stronger reducing agent stronger oxidizing agent
Figure 12.5 These examples show you how to apply the steps listed above. gains 2e-
The stronger reducing agent is losing electrons and the stronger oxidizing agent is gaining electrons. Therefore, the reaction will proceed spontaneously.
Fe(s) + Mg2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Mg(s) gains 2estronger oxidizing agent
stronger reducing agent
The stronger reducing agent has gained electrons and the stronger oxidizing agent has lost electrons. Therefore, the reaction will NOT proceed spontaneously.
Notice that, when the stronger reducing and oxidizing agents are on the left of the equation, the reaction proceeds spontaneously. When the stronger reducing and oxidizing agents are on the right of the equation, the reaction does NOT proceed spontaneously. Use this information to help you answer the following questions.
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
439
•••
ChemistryFile
Use Table 12.2 to answer the following questions.
FYI
Be cautious when using oxidation-reduction tables or activity series in other chemistry texts or tables books. Tables are not always written in the same direction as those in this textbook. Be sure to identify the direction of higher and lower activities or of stronger versus weaker oxidizing or reducing agents. Use the concepts of activity and of oxidation and reduction instead of memorizing “up” or “down.”
Q Which of the following reactions will proceed spontaneously?
5
a) solid aluminium and aqueous copper sulfate
b) aqueous calcium nitrate and solid nickel
c) solid chromium and aqueous silver nitrate
d) aqueous barium sulfate and solid tin
Q If you wanted to demonstrate the appearance of a reaction between a solid
6
and an ionic solution and the solid you wanted to use was cobalt, which of the following aqueous solutions would you use? Explain why.
a) silver nitrate
b) zinc sulfate
Q List three solid metals that, when placed in an aqueous solution of cadmium
7
chloride, will react spontaneously. Write net ionic equations for the reactions.
Q List three soluble salts that would react spontaneously with solid tin. Write net
8
ionic equations for the reactions.
•••
Section 12.1 Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
The operational definition of oxidation is any reaction involving molecular oxygen.
The theoretical definition of oxidation is the loss of electrons.
The operational definition of reduction is the extracting of metals from metal ore. The theoretical definition of reduction is the gain of electrons.
If one atom is oxidized in a reaction, another atom must be reduced.
An oxidizing agent accepts electrons from another compound and becomes reduced.
A reducing agent donates electrons to another compound and becomes oxidized.
You can experimentally determine whether one element is a stronger reducing agent or a stronger oxidizing agent than the other. From accumulated data, you can predict whether a given reaction will proceed spontaneously.
SECTION 12.1 REVIEW
1. Explain why oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together. Use the theoretical definitions of oxidation and reduction in your answer.
2. Explain why, in a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent undergoes reduction.
3. Write equations that represent three different spontaneous reactions in which calcium is oxidized.
4. When metallic lithium is a reactant in a formation reaction, does it act as an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent? Explain.
5. Predict whether each of the following singlereplacement reactions will proceed spontaneously. For those that will, write a complete balanced equation, an ionic equation, and a net ionic equation. Use the redox table that you generated in Investigation 12.A.
440 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
a) aqueous silver nitrate and metallic cadmium
b) solid gold and aqueous copper(II) sulfate
c) solid aluminium and aqueous mercury(II) chloride
6. Write a net ionic equation for a spontaneous reaction in which a) Fe2+(aq) acts as an oxidizing agent
b) Al(s) acts as a reducing agent
c) Au3+(aq) acts as an oxidizing agent
d) Cu(s) acts as a reducing agent
7. Potassium is made industrially through the singledisplacement reaction of molten sodium with molten potassium chloride.
a) Write a net ionic equation for the reaction, assuming that all reactants and products are in the liquid state.
b) Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in the reaction.
Oxidation half-reaction:
Step 4 Remove the electrons and any other identical
3 [CN−(aq) + 2OH−(aq) → CNO−(aq) + H2O( ) + 2e−]
molecules or ions present on both sides of the equation:
3CN−(aq) + 6OH−(aq) → 3CNO−(aq) + 3H2O( ) + 6e−
2MnO4−(aq) + 4H2O( ) + 6e− + 3CN−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)
Reduction half-reaction:
→ 2MnO2(s) + 8OH−(aq) + 3CNO−(aq) +
2 [MnO4−(aq) + 2H2O( ) + 3e− →
MnO2(s) + 4OH−(aq)]
3H2O( ) + 6e−
2MnO4−(aq) + H2O( ) + 3CN−(aq) →
2MnO4−(aq) + 4H2O( ) + 6e− → 2MnO2(s) + 8OH−(aq)
Step 3 Add the balanced half-reactions:
2MnO4−(aq) + 4H2O( ) + 6e− + 3CN−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)
→ 2MnO2(s) + 8OH−(aq) + 3CNO−(aq) + 3H2O( ) + 6e−
2MnO2(s) + 2OH−(aq) + 3CNO−(aq)
The atoms of each element are balanced, and there is a net charge of minus five on each side of the equation.
The equation is balanced.
Practice Problems
2. Balance each of the following ionic equations for basic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each case:
a) MnO4−(aq) + I−(aq)→ MnO42−(aq) + IO3−(aq)
b) H2O2(aq) + ClO2(aq) → ClO−(aq) + O2(g)
c) ClO−(aq) + CrO2−(aq) → CrO42−(aq) + Cl2(g)
d) Al(s) + NO−(aq) → NH3(g) + AlO2−(aq)
1. Balance each of the following ionic equations for acidic conditions. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each case:
a) MnO4−(aq) + Ag(s) → Mn2+(aq) + Ag+(aq)
b) Hg( ) + NO3−(aq) + Cl−(aq) →
HgCl42−(s) + NO2(g)
2+
c) AsH3(s) + Zn (aq) → H3AsO4(aq) + Zn(s)
d) I2(s) + OCl−(aq) → IO3−(aq) + Cl−(aq)
In the next investigation, you will carry out several redox reactions, including reactions of acids with metals and the combustion of hydrocarbons.
INVESTIGATION
12.B
Target Skills
Redox Reactions and Balanced Equations
You have practised balancing equations for redox reactions, but can you predict the products of a redox reaction? Can you determine whether a reaction has occurred and, if so, whether it was a redox reaction?
In this investigation, you will develop these skills.
Question
How can you tell whether a redox reaction occurs when reactants are mixed? Can you observe the transfer of electrons in the mixture?
Predictions
• Predict which metals of magnesium, zinc, copper, and aluminium can be oxidized by aqueous hydrogen ions
(acidic solution). Explain your reasoning.
• Predict whether metals that cannot be oxidized by hydrogen ions can be dissolved in acids. Explain your reasoning.
448 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
Describing procedures for the safe handling and disposal of acids and products of hydrocarbon combustion
Analyzing data from an experiment on redox reactions
Using appropriate numeric and symbolic representations to communicate equations for redox reactions
•
Predict whether the combustion of a hydrocarbon is a redox reaction. What assumptions have you made about the products?
Safety Precautions
•
•
The acid solutions are corrosive. Handle them with care.
If you accidentally spill a solution on your skin, wash the area immediately with copious amounts of cool water. If you get any acid in your eyes, use the eye wash station immediately. Inform your teacher.
Sample Problem
Balancing a Disproportionation Reaction
Problem
Balance the following unbalanced equation for the disproportionation, in an acidic solution, of nitrous acid,
HNO2(aq), forming nitric acid, HNO3(aq); nitrogen monoxide, NO(g); and water:
HNO2(aq) → HNO3(aq) + NO(g) + H2O( )
Solution
First, write the ionic and then the net ionic equations.
H+(aq) + NO2−(aq) → H+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + NO(g)
+ H2O( )
NO2−(aq) → NO3−(aq) + NO(g) + H2O( )
Step 1 Write the unbalanced half-reactions that show the formulas of the given reactant(s) and product(s).
The solution is acidic, so skip to step 8.
Step 8 Balance the charges by adding electrons.
Oxidation half-reaction: There is one negative charge on the left side of the equation and a net charge of plus one on the right. To balance the charges, add two electrons to the right side:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−
Reduction half-reaction: There is a net charge of plus one on the left side of the equation and zero on the right.
To balance the charges, add one electron to the left side:
NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e− → NO(g) + H2O( )
The half-reactions are balanced. Now balance the entire equation. Step 1 Determine the lowest common multiple of the
Step 2 Balance any atoms other than oxygen and
numbers of electrons in the oxidation and reduction halfreactions.There were two electrons lost in the oxidation half-reaction and one electron was gained in the reduction half-reaction. The lowest common multiple of 1 and 2 is 2.
hydrogen first.
Step 2 Multiply one or both half-reactions by the number
Oxidation half-reaction: The nitrogen atoms are already balanced. that will bring the number of electrons to the lowest common multiple.
Reduction half-reaction: The nitrogen atoms are already balanced. Step 3 Balance any oxygen atoms by adding water molecules. Oxidation half-reaction:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−
Oxidation half-reaction: NO2−(aq) → NO3−(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: NO2−(aq) → NO(g)
Oxidation half-reaction: There are two oxygen atoms in the nitrite ion on the left side of the equation and three oxygen atoms in the nitrate ion on the right side. Therefore, add one water molecule to the left side of the equation:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: There are two oxygen atoms in the nitrite ion on the left side of the equation and one oxygen atom in the nitrogen monoxide on the right side.
Therefore, add one water molecule to the right side:
NO2−(aq) → NO(g) + H2O( )
Step 4 Balance any hydrogen atoms by adding hydrogen
ions.
Oxidation half-reaction: There are two hydrogen atoms in the water molecule on the left side of the equation and zero on the right. Therefore, add two hydrogen ions to the right side:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) → NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq)
Reduction half-reaction: There are two hydrogen atoms in the water molecule on the right side of the equation and zero on the left. Therefore, add two hydrogen ions to the left side:
Reduction half-reaction:
2[NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e− → NO(g) + H2O( )]
2 NO2−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− → 2NO(g) + 2H2O( )
Step 3 Add the balanced half-reactions:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) + 2NO2−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− →
NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− + 2NO(g) + 2H2O( )
Step 4 Remove the electrons and any other identical
molecules or ions that are present on both sides of the equation:
NO2−(aq) + H2O( ) + 2NO2−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− →
NO3−(aq) + 2H+(aq)+ 2e− + 2NO(g) + 2H2O( )
NO2−(aq) + 2NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) →
NO3−(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
3NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) → NO3−(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
Step 5 If spectator ions were removed when forming
half-reactions, add them back to the equation. One hydrogen ion was removed when forming half-reactions:
3NO2−(aq) + 3H+(aq) →
H+(aq) + NO3−(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
There are three nitrogen atoms, three hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms on each side of the equation. The net charge on each side is zero. The equation is balanced.
NO2−(aq) + 2H+(aq) → NO(g) + H2O( )
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
451
Sample Problem
The chloride ions are spectator ions, which do not undergo oxidation or reduction. The net ionic equation is as follows:
Identifying Redox Reactions
Problem
Determine whether each of the following reactions is a redox reaction. If so, identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent:
a) CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
b) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
CaCl2(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
c) 3HNO2(aq) → HNO3(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
Solution
Find the oxidation number of each atom in the reactants and products. Identify any atoms that undergo an increase or a decrease in oxidation number during the reaction.
a) The oxidation number of each element in the reactants and products is as shown:
#(G #LG Ɛ#(#LG (#LG
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 on both sides of the equation, so hydrogen is neither oxidized nor reduced.
• Both carbon and chlorine undergo changes in oxidation number, so the reaction is a redox reaction.
• The oxidation number of carbon increases from
−4 to −2. The carbon atoms on the reactant side exist in methane molecules, CH4(g), so methane is oxidized. Therefore, methane is the reducing agent.
• The oxidation number of chlorine decreases from
0 to −1, so elemental chlorine, Cl2(g) , is reduced.
Therefore, elemental chlorine is the oxidizing agent.
b) Because this reaction involves ions, write the equation in its ionic form:
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl− →
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
For the net ionic equation, the oxidation number of each atom in the reactants and products is as shown:
#A#/S ( AQ Ɛ#A AQ (/Ű #/G
No atoms undergo changes in oxidation numbers, so the reaction is not a redox reaction.
c) Because this reaction involves ions, write the equation in its ionic form. The oxidation number of each atom or ion in the reactants and products is as shown:
+
3H (aq) + 3NO2-(aq) →
+1
+3 -2
H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + 2NO(g) + H2O( )
+1
+5 -2
+2 -2
+1 -2
• The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 on both sides of the equation, so hydrogen is neither oxidized nor reduced.
• The oxidation number of oxygen is −2 on both sides of the equation, so oxygen is neither oxidized nor reduced.
• The only remaining atoms are nitrogen atoms.
Nitrogen atoms are found in two different compounds among the products, and the nitrogen atoms in these compounds have different oxidation numbers.
Therefore, this is a disproportionation reaction.
• The oxidation number of one nitrogen atom increases from +3 to +5; therefore, it is oxidized.
• The oxidation number of two of the nitrogen atoms decreases from +3 to +2; therefore, they are reduced.
• Nitrous acid, HNO2(aq), is both the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
Practice Problems
11. Which of the following are redox reactions? Identify any disproportionation reactions:
a) H2O2(aq) + 2Fe(OH)2(s) → 2Fe(OH)3(s)
b) PCl3( ) + 3H2O( ) → H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
c) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O( )
d) 3NO2(g) + H2O( ) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
12. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent for the redox reaction(s) in the previous question.
13. For the following balanced net ionic equation, identify the reactant that undergoes oxidation and the reactant that undergoes reduction:
Br2( ) + 2ClO2−(aq) → 2Br−(aq) + 2ClO2(aq)
14. Nickel and copper ores usually contain the metals as sulfides, such as NiS(s) and Cu2S(s). Does the extraction of these pure elemental metals from their ores involve redox reactions? Explain your reasoning.
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
461
Section 12.3 Summary
•
Some redox equations cannot be written as half-reactions. You can use the method of oxidation numbers to balance these equations.
•
An oxidation number of an atom in a compound is the charge that the atom would have if, instead of sharing electrons, the electrons were held by the atom having the greatest electronegativity.
•
You can assign oxidation numbers by following a set of rules.
•
Sometimes the rules lead to fractional oxidation numbers. In these cases, you can determine the oxidation numbers for individual atoms in a compound by using
Lewis structures.
•
If the oxidation number of an atom increases in a reaction, it indicates a loss of
electrons.
If the oxidation number of an atom decreases in a reaction, it indicates a gain of electrons.
•
You can balance an equation by finding the coefficients that make the number of electrons lost by one atom of one element equal to the number of electrons gained by atoms of another element. You then balance the rest of the equation by inspection.
SECTION 12.3 REVIEW
1. Determine whether each of the following reactions is a redox reaction:
a) H2(g) + I2(s) → 2HI(aq)
b) 2NaHCO3(aq) → Na2CO3(aq) + H2O( ) + CO2(g)
c) 2HBr(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaBr2(aq) + 2H2O( )
d) PCl5( ) → PCl3( ) + Cl2(g)
2. Write three different definitions for a redox reaction.
3. Explain why fluorine has an oxidation number of −1 in all its compounds other than fluorine gas, F2(g).
4. When atoms of one element combine with atoms of another element, is the reaction a redox reaction?
Explain your answer.
5. a) Use the oxidation number rules to find the oxidation number of sulfur in a thiosulfate ion, S2O32−(aq).
b) The Lewis structure of a thiosulfate ion is given here. Use the Lewis structure to find the oxidation number of each sulfur atom.
ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ
/
ģ ģ ģ ģ
ģ ģ
/ 3 3
/
ģ
ģ
ģ ģ
ģ ģ ģ ģ
ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ ģ
ģ ģ ģ ģ
c) Compare your results from parts (a) and (b) and explain any differences.
d) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using
Lewis structures to assign oxidation numbers?
e) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the oxidation number rules to assign oxidation numbers?
466 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
6. a) The Haber process for the production of ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is a very important industrial process. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Use oxidation numbers to identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
b) When ammonia reacts with nitric acid to make the common fertilizer ammonium nitrate, is the reaction a redox reaction? Explain. (Hint: Consider the two polyatomic ions in the product separately.)
7. Balance each equation by the method of your choice.
Explain your choice of method in each case:
a) CH3COOH(aq) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O( )
b) O2(g) + H2SO4(aq) → HSO4−(aq) (acidic conditions)
8. Use the oxidation number method to balance the following equations:
a) NH3(g) + Cl2(g) → NH4Cl(aq) + N2(g)
b) Mn3O4(aq) + Al(s) → Al2O3(aq) + Mn(s)
9. Explain why, in redox reactions, the total increase in the oxidation numbers of the oxidized elements must equal the total decrease in the oxidation numbers of the reduced elements.
10. The combustion of ammonia in oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide and water vapour involves covalent molecules in the gas phase. Use the oxidation number method for balancing the equation.
Figure 12.14 The photo on the right shows the endpoint of the titration of a solution containing oxalate ions with a solution containing permanganate ions. In the balanced equation, the ratio of
MnO4− (aq) to
OOCCOO2- (aq) is 2:5.
This ratio means that at the endpoint, 2 mol of
MnO4− (aq) have been added for every 5 mol of C2O42− (aq) that were present initially.
2MnO4-(aq)
+7 -2
permanganate
5OOCCOO2-(aq)
+ +3 -2
+
16H+
oxalate
hydrogen ion
+1
2Mn2+(aq)
→
+2
manganese (II)
10CO2(g)
+
8H2O( )
+ +1 -2 carbon dioxide water +4 -2
The permanganate ion can also be used to oxidize hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq).
The following equation shows the redox reaction in acidic conditions:
5H2O2(aq) + 2MnO4−(aq) + 6H+(aq) → 5O2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O( )
Aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide sold in pharmacies are often about 3%
H2O2(aq) by mass. In solution, however, hydrogen peroxide decomposes steadily to form water and oxygen.
Suppose that you need to use a hydrogen peroxide solution with a concentration of at least 2.5% by mass for a certain experiment. Your 3% H2O2(aq) is not fresh, so it might have decomposed significantly. How do you find out whether your H2O2(aq) solution is concentrated enough? The following Sample Problem shows how to solve this problem by using data from the titration of the hydrogen peroxide solution with a solution of potassium permanganate.
Sample Problem
Redox Titrations
Problem
You are using a 0.011 43 mol/L KMnO4(aq) solution to determine the percentage by mass of an aqueous solution of H2O2(aq). You know that the peroxide solution is about
3% H2O2(aq) by mass.
You prepare the sample by adding 1.423 g of the hydrogen peroxide solution to an Erlenmeyer flask.
(Although the hydrogen peroxide is in aqueous solution, you can determine the mass by placing an empty flask on a balance and adding peroxide with a pipette.) You add about 75 mL of water to dilute the solution. You also add some dilute sulfuric acid to acidify the solution.
You reach the light-purple-coloured endpoint of the titration when you have added 40.22 mL of the
KMnO4(aq) solution. What is the percent, by mass, of the peroxide solution? mass of peroxide
(Percent by mass is defined as: __ × 100%) total mass of solution
468 MHR • Unit 6 Electrochemical Changes
What Is Required?
You need to determine the mass of H2O2(aq) in the sample. You need to express your result as a mass percent.
What Is Given?
Concentration of KMnO4(aq) = 0.011 43 mol/L
Volume of KMnO4(aq) = 40.22 mL
Mass of H2O2(aq) solution = 1.423 g
Plan Your Strategy
Step 1 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Step 2 Calculate the amount (in mol) of permanganate
ion added, based on the volume and concentration of the potassium permanganate solution. Step 3 Determine the amount (in mol) of hydrogen
peroxide needed to reduce the permanganate ions.
Step 4 Determine the mass of hydrogen peroxide, based
on the molar mass of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, express your answer as a mass percent of the hydrogen peroxide solution, as the question directs.
Act on Your Strategy
Step 1 The redox equation was provided on the previous page. It is already balanced:
−(aq) + 6H+(aq) →
5H2O2(aq) + 2MnO4
5O2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O( )
−(aq) is the same as
Step 2 The concentration of MnO4
Step 4
g g MH2O2(aq) = 2 1.01 _ + 2 16 _ mol mol g = 34.02 _ mol (
mH2O2(aq) = nMH2O2(aq)
(
(
)
)
0.03909 g
H2O2 percent (m/m) = _ 100%
1.432 g
= 2.730%
n = cV
)
mol n = 0.011 43 _ (0.040 22 L)
L
n = 4.597 × 10-4 mol
Step 3 Permanganate ions react with hydrogen peroxide
in a 2:5 ratio, as shown by the coefficients in the balanced equation:
Amount (in moles) H2O2(aq)
5 mol H2O2(aq) n = __ (4.597 × 10-4 mol MnO4-(aq))
2 mol MnO4(aq)
(
)
g
= (1.149 × 10-3 mol) 34.02 _ mol = 0.039 09 g
the concentration of KMnO4(aq):
(
) (
)
= 1.149 × 10-3 mol H
2O2(aq)
Check Your Solution
The units are correct. The value for the mass of pure
H2O2(aq) that you obtained is less than the mass of the
H2O2(aq) sample solution, as you would expect. The mass percent you obtained for the solution is close to the expected value. It makes sense that the value is somewhat less than 3%, since H2O2(aq) decomposes in solution, forming water and oxygen.
Using Dimensional Analysis:
)(
(5 mol H2O2(aq) mol mH2O2(aq) = 0.011 43 _ MnO4–(aq) 0.040 22 L) __
L
2 mol MnO4–(aq)
= 0.039 09 g
(
)(
g
34.02 _ mol )
Practice Problems
19. An analyst prepares a H2O2(aq) sample solution by placing 1.284 g of H2O2(aq) solution in a flask then diluting it with water and adding sulfuric acid to acidify it. The analyst titrates the H2O2(aq) sample solution with 0.020 45 mol/L KMnO4(aq) and determines that 38.95 mL of KMnO4(aq) is required to reach the endpoint.
a) What is the mass of pure H2O2(aq) that is present in the sample solution?
b) What is the mass percent of pure H2O2(aq) in the sample solution?
20. A forensic chemist wants to determine the level of alcohol in a sample of blood plasma. The chemist titrates the plasma with a solution of potassium dichromate. The balanced equation is
16H+(aq) + 2Cr2O72−(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) →
4Cr3+(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 11H2O( )
21. An analyst titrates an acidified solution containing
0.153 g of purified sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4(aq), with a potassium permanganate solution,
KMnO4(aq). The light purple endpoint is reached when the chemist has added 41.45 mL of potassium permanganate solution. What is the molar concentration of the potassium permanganate solution? The balanced equation is
2MnO4−(aq) + 5Na2C2O4(aq) + 16H+(aq) →
10Na+ + 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O( )
22. 25.00 mL of a solution containing iron(II) ions was titrated with a 0.020 43 mol/L potassium dichromate solution. The endpoint was reached when 35.55 mL of potassium dichromate solution had been added. What was the molar concentration of iron(II) ions in the original, acidic solution? The unbalanced equation is
Cr2O72−(aq) + Fe2+(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)
If 32.35 mL of 0.050 23 mol/L Cr2O72−(aq) is required to titrate 27.00 g plasma, what is the mass percent of alcohol in the plasma?
Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
469
Chapter 12
Combustion reactions occur when atoms or compounds react violently with molecular oxygen. It is said that the compound is oxidized. However, other compounds or atoms can react with oxygen very slowly and generate imperceptible amounts of heat. These are also oxidation reactions. Chemists realized that the effects of oxidation on an atom could be achieved by reactions with elements other than oxygen. The modern definition of oxidation is therefore, the loss of electrons. The term reduction was originally applied to the reduction in the mass when ore was converted into pure metals. To extract a pure metal from ore, electrons must be added to the metal ions to convert them into atoms. Today, reduction of an atom means to add electrons to it.
Because electrons cannot exist free of atoms for any significant period of time, they must be passed from one atom to another. Therefore, if one atom is oxidized (loses electrons) in a chemical reaction, another atom must be reduced (gain electrons). Thus such reactions are called oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
Some redox reactions such as the reaction between zinc metal and copper sulfate proceed spontaneously.
Since the zinc atoms lost electrons they were oxidized by the copper ions. Also, the copper ions gained electrons and were reduced by the zinc atoms. Since the reaction was spontaneous, the zinc must be a stronger reducing agent than copper atoms and copper ions must be a stronger oxidizing agent than zinc ions. By experimentally observing which reactions proceed spontaneously, you can list elements in the order of their strength as reducing agents. This order allows you to predict the results of other reactions.
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Many redox equations can be balanced by inspection but others, especially those that take place in acidic or basic conditions, are more difficult to balance by inspection. You can balance these reactions either by the half-reaction method or by the oxidation number method. The half-reaction method involves separating the reactions into oxidizing half-reactions and reduction half reactions, balancing the half-reactions according to a list of rules, and then adding the half-reactions. The oxidation number method involves assigning oxidation numbers to each element in each compound and then determining which atoms increased or decreased in oxidation number during the reactions. You use the increase and decrease in oxidation number to balance the number of electrons that were exchanged by the atoms.
The remainder of he equations can often be balanced by inspection. Iron ore is converted into partially pure pig iron by several reduction reactions. The pig iron is then refined by oxidation reaction. The contaminants in the pig iron, such as silicon and phosphorous, are oxidized more easily than the iron, making it possible to remove then.
You can often determine the concentration of a compound in a sample of unknown concentration by performing a redox titration. To perform a redox titration, you react the compound of the unknown concentration with another compound that will either oxidize or reduce the unknown. Some compounds have different colours in their oxidized versus reduced forms and these colours provide you with a visible endpoint.
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Chapter 12 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • MHR
473