Dial up access connects to the internet when the computer the computer dials a phone number which is the IPS address using the modem. Dial up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and visa versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone line the quality and the connection is not always good. Typical speed is 56kbps which is kilo bits of data per second.…
This documentary analyzed the academic performance of Douglass High School in Baltimore, Maryland. This school is made up almost exclusively of black students. Many of these students come from poor families. A large number of students come from single parent homes and others do not have the support of either parent. This can cause them to put other issues ahead of schoolwork and academic performance.…
Baddeley also found that when participants were shown words and asked to recall them immediately, they did so much better for sentences than for unrelated words which supports the idea of the episodic buffer- an immediate memory store for items that aren’t visual or…
Another topic Loftus brought up was the impact of leading questions and how just the choice of one word can alter memories. During this study, participants were shown a series of images showing a car accident, then they were either asked the following question: “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” or “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” A week later, the participants were also asked if they had seen any broken glass in the slides. The results showed participants from the “smash” group were more likely to assume that there was broken glass (although there was not),…
Correlation Coefficient p.12: number ranging between -1.00 and +1.00 that represents the degree and direction of relation between two variables.…
“Misinformation effect” is a study Loftus made, and this study was used as evidence. This form of study showed that a person’s memory can often be manipulated or diverted when misleading information or wording is presented to them. In another study, evidence was provided, even without hypnosis false memories can be implanted through misleading context or false evidence provided by…
Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25,…
Information is retained from two sources: external and internal. External sources are our perceptual processes such as sight, hearing, or becoming aware of something through the senses, whereas internal sources are involved with processes such as reasoning, imagination, and thought. When it comes to analyzing the processes people use to determine whether information initially originated from an external or an internal source this is referred to as reality monitoring. Reality monitoring is accredited to be responsible for the distinction and confusion between memories for thoughts and memories for perceptions. There is much research examining reality monitoring and source monitoring, and the factors that affect false memories.…
Roediger and McDermott (1995) replicated research by James Deese’s (1959) by using the six lists from Deese's study that were the most successful in producing false recall. Roediger read the lists of 12 words to a class of students, and after each list asked them to recall as many words as possible from that list. Following the recall of the sixth list the students were given a pen-and-paper recognition memory test: a list of words comprising 12 studied and 30 nonstudied items (including the critical lures) on which the students rated how confident they were that each word had appeared on one of the previous lists. The results showed that students recalled the critical lure 40% of the time, and that most were confident that the critical lures had actually appeared on the lists (Roediger & McDermott,…
Attention is something everyone has, yet it has different varying degrees of how it is used consciously and unconsciously. Attention as defined by the American Psychological Association is a state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information. When people attend to the information consciously it is known as the top-down process and when information grabs our attention that is otherwise known as the bottom-up process. Since every person is diverse their attention span varies too. When it comes to children and adults there is the possibility that the ability to be attentive may be different in terms capacity. One of the few types of attentions is categorized as divided attention. When defining divided attention it…
The experiment was conducted to figure out if the association between old words and critical lures would still happen when the words were presented randomly, or if it is necessary to present words in their lists such as Roediger and McDermott did. The association between old words and critical lures were used as an attempt to create false memories. The results imply that critical lures were responded to as if they were old words more frequently than as if they were new words. This study is consistent with Roediger and McDermotts study from 1995, as both experiments did manage to create false memories.…
In a study carried out by Brainerd and Reyna in 2007, first, fifth and ninth grade students were presented a list of words called the ‘study list’ (as cited in Association for Psychological Science, 2007). Many of the words from the ‘study list’ were related to each other, by belonging to certain categories such as animals or furniture, whilst there were other words, which were unrelated ‘filler’ words. After a short break, the students were presented with a new ‘test list’, which was composed of study list words, new words belonging to the aforementioned categories, and new distracter words that were unrelated to the study list. Then students were asked to identify if they had previously heard the word from the ‘test list’ in the ‘study list’. Brainerd and Reyna found that if the ‘test list’ had words of semantic relation to the ‘study list’, older students are more likely to assert that they have heard it before. In conclusion younger children are unable to connect the meaning of words or events compared to adults or adolescents. Furthermore older children and adults are more suggestible to the formation of false memories as they are more vulnerable to making semantic relation memory…
One of the more fascinating phenomena in Psychology has been the false memory syndrome. False memories gained notoriety in 1960s America, when record levels of therapy patients reported that they had been sexually abused by family members, but were only able to recover these previously suppressed and unrecognized memories of said abuses while in therapy. This led many psychological researchers to conclude that particular psychodynamic practices used by therapists were more than likely the source of these false memories. To support these claims, researchers went on to demonstrate that false memories could be induced in participants using complex paradigms such as paragraphs or simple word list paradigms, as all memory at its…
Kappel, S., Harford, M., Burns, V., & Anderson, N. (1973). Effects of Vocalization on Short-…
The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of false memory and memory distortion. Memory is influenced, in combination, by encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. This article expands upon each factor, in turn, and how it specifically affects memory.…