In late B.C.E and early C.E many empires rose and thrived. While these empires all desired to conquer and become the strongest, they had other things in common. In Han China, a long lasting empire from 206 B.C.E to 220 C.E, the leadership was similar to the leadership of Imperial Rome, an empire from 31 B.C.E to 476 C.E. Both empires were lead by an emperor, who was the sole lawmaker for the empire, the over thrower of the previous leader and impact on many other aspects of the region. However, these two empires differed in their religious ways. In the Roman Empire, the government had a state sponsored religion and emperors participated in the organization of it. Contrary to Imperial Rome, Han China’s emperors were much less concerned with religion; instead they followed the Confucian ideology in their government. These two…
Early China’s cities, Shang and Zhou, have very distinctive features in the ideology of kingship. In the Shang dynasty, the king and his administration were the controllers, where the king was the intermediary between the people and the gods. However, in the Zhou dynasty, the ruler was chosen by gods to justify power, and if he/she misbehaved or acted inappropriately, they would be kicked off the throne; this was called the Mandate of Heaven.…
Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires 1. both empires defined themselves in universal terms 2. both invested heavily in public works 3. both claimed supernatural sanctions a. deceased Roman emperors as gods (imperial cult) i. persecution of Christians for nonparticipation in cult b. Chinese emperor as Son of Heaven i. rule by Mandate of Heaven ii. dependent on just rule iii. heavy ritual duties to maintain relationship between earth and heaven iv. moral government spelled out by writings of Confucius and his followers The Han Dynasty was heir to the Qin state that had unified China in 221 BCE. The first ruler of the Qin established the title of “emperor.” The power of a Chinese emperor was absolute; however, he was subject to various checks on his authority by both high officials and imperial family members. The Romans practiced emperor worship solely in the case of dead emperors. In addition, only certain emperors were accorded divine honors, and always after death. In other parts of the Empire, however, local customs merged with Roman ones. In Egypt, for instance, emperor worship was practiced more widely. This was because the Roman office of emperor combined with the Egyptian notion as Pharaohas-sun-god. Chinese emperors were not considered divine beings. The emperor was called the “Son of Heaven” and was responsible for conducting sacrifices to both Heaven and Earth. The word “Heaven” referred more or less to what we would call “nature”: the succession of day and night, and the motions of the stars and planets. During the first millennium BCE, the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven” was applied. If an emperor oppressed the people, Heaven could withdraw a dynasty’s right to govern.…
This area would be a crossroad because most civilizations lived here and there were surpluses of resources. The result would be more cultural and trade connections and a decrease in resources.…
The political structures in first and second wave civilizations share some traits while differing in others. For instances, leaders in early river societies claimed that they were divinely ordained. Sumerian kings of individual city-states each claimed to be connected to a godly entity and as a result were deemed fit to rule. Additionally, Egypt, the Nile river valley society, was led by a series of Pharaohs who claimed to be Gods in human form. Likewise, leaders of second-wave empires also avowed that supernatural forces aid their regimes. Rome past emperors were regarded as gods. Similarly, in China, emperors were thought to rule with the divine force of the Mandate of Heaven. On the other hand, many leaders of second-wave civilizations also depended on personal merits and high positions in their social hierarchy to establish leadership. Moreover, Han’s dynasty established an imperial academy and developed a civil service system to identify potential government officials. Also worth mentioning, is Athens’s concept of a “citizen”, which was a ground-breaking political idea, although not yet perfected, that views each individual as a part of a larger state system.…
While geography necessitated both River-Valley and Classical civilizations to innovate technologies for water disruption and transportation, River-Valley civilizations developed religions reflecting their and unified political systems paralleling their geological unity; however, the Classical civilizations, in contrast to River-Valley civilizations, developed religions that did not parallel their geographical situation and a political system that reflected their geographical…
The people of Early China had to use the Yellow River to water their crops, however, it was unpredictable. The river would occasionally flood and ruin the crops or change course many times and not reach some people at all. Yellow River was eventually named “China’s Sorrow,” due to how unpredictable it is. The people of Early China were ruled by dynasties, which were families of rulers. Although it was a patriarchal society, women played a prominent role. For example, a consort of King Wu Ding named Fu Hao once served as a general on “several military campaigns and once led thirteen thousand troops in a successful operation against a neighboring state” (Bentley Ziegler 98). Those on the top of the social hierarchy were families and the rest of the rules were related to the main family “in charge”. Politically, Early China did not rule a highly centralized state. There were smaller towns with local rulers that recognized the authority of kings. The Shang and the Zhou dynasties were prominent examples of this type of ruling. This is similar to Mesopotamia, who ruled through organized states which were formal governmental institutions that wielded authority throughout their territories.…
The developments of early civilizations in Egypt, China, India, and Mesopotamia were greatly influenced by their geographical locations which allowed them to each adapt to their environment in many different and similar ways . These ancient river valley civilizations were all affected by surrounding rivers, landscapes, and environmental changes such as climate. Accordingly, all four regions were able to take advantage of their geographical location and to develop their own civilizations. If the geographical location wasn’t as it was, then life would have been much more different back then.…
Also the King was the son of Heaven according to China and as long as he governed his people well, Heaven gave him the right to rule. Unless he didn't govern well, the Heaven would send signs of its displeasure, such as earthquakes and floodsThis all made the Chinese leaders start to think and to ask questions about the best way to keep order in society. After a lot of thinking, they came…
Before 600 BCE in the Ancient River Civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, they developed cultures that share similar religious beliefs and writing systems, but different types of…
2. Egyptʼs geography and climate influenced the development of its religion, politics, and outlook. Egyptian civilization was focused on the Nile River and the surrounding deserts. The Nile River flooded at appropriate times to allow grain to grow. The Egyptians had a positive outlook because the river was dependable. This dependability also made the Egyptians view the universe as an orderly beneficial world, andviewed the afterlife as orderly and optimistic as well. The Egyptian religion was focused on guaranteeing continuous flow from the Nile and prosperity derived from the river and its ability to irrigate the land. The pharoh, the Egyptian ruler, was believed to be a descendant from the gods. The Egyptian king was Horus, and the son of Re, the sun-god. It was believed that the king intervened with the gods on behalf of the Egyptian people. Since the king was connected to the sun-god and assured prosperity from the Nile, the kingʼs leadership was divine. It also helped that the land was fertile for many years, giving the Egyptian leader more credibility and power. Around the fifth millennium B.C.E. Farming developed along the Nile River.…
The Nuclear Apocalypse that has blighted our world has caused a task force to be initiated here in the Eastern Shore. This task force composed of the couple hundred survivors left after the catastrophe have created a civilization, Chesapeake City, based on the success of Ancient River Valley civilizations. It is my honor to invite any survivors to come join our civilized society and contribute to strive towards a prosperous life after the destruction of our modern society. Together, we have taken into account all of the important aspects that go into creating a civilization as well as sustaining/maintaining it. These aspects that contributed to our civilization include: the geography, city system, government institutions and common religion, a specialized workforce, technology and resources, and finally a system to record our advancements. Our geographical location, layout of cities, structures, and common religion are adapted from the famous Indus River Valley civilization. The government and laws that keep order within are civilizations are derived from Confucian ideals from the River dynasties in China along with a blend of modern day laws. Finally, our specialization and social order is backed by, but not completely adapted from, the Egyptian empire.…
Irrigation along the Fertile Crescent allowed for mass food production, and therefore, sustainability of a larger population than previous civilizations could hold. The population was so large, in fact, that it began to develop city-states. A city-state is a free governed city that shares the agriculture of the adjoining land. The city-states all had similar cultures, yet each one had a different god or goddess that guarded them. Along with the large population of Mesopotamia came a complex social order of the citizens. At the top of the social class were kings and queens; at the bottom, slaves. Egypt was another civilization which much like Mesopotamia, was able to thrive due to the fertile soil of a river bank. The Nile River provided Egypt with the soils it needed to develop irrigation systems and build villages. Pharaohs were in charge of the Egyptian villages, and were at the top of the social class. Elaborate pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs, due to the religious beliefs of an afterlife. The pyramids were home to many high level paintings and sculptures of the gods and nature at that time, as well as…
He answered directly to Heaven and indirectly answerable to the his people. If the emperor and the government failed to do things responsibly, mistreated the people or abused power, their authority to rule could be withdrawn. Some of the signs that Heaven had withdrawn its royal mandate included natural disasters such as storms, floods, and earthquakes. It was reinforced by Confucianism and its teachings, a social, moral and philosophical code for many ages. Being simply a guide to personal behavior and success, and was a very effective government.…
Pharaohs played a powerful role in the Egyptian society, more so than the kings did in the Mesopotamian civilization. Although both rulers had great responsibilities such as leading their armies, managing their civilizations, and ruling over the people in their jurisdiction, the Egyptian pharaohs ruled over much more land and people than the Mesopotamian kings did. This is because Mesopotamia was divided into small city-states in which one king was assigned to, but in Egypt the pharaoh ruled over the entire civilization and was expected to bring them wealth and prosperity. The pharaohs were even thought to have godly powers and used them to communicate with other gods to protect the Egyptians from the flooding of the Nile and other disasters.…