Research Life

Chapter 11 Study Guide

1. Militarism- Glorification of military strength. 2. Allied Powers- World War 1 alliance that included Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States. 3. Central Powers- World War 1 alliance that included Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. 4. Sussex Pledge- Promised issued out by the Germans in 1916 that promised not to sink any merchant vessels without warning. 5. National Defense Act- Military preparedness program that was created before entering the war that increased the size of the National Guard and the army. 6. Zimmerman Note- Cable sent to Mexico by Germany’s foreign secretary. 7. Selective Service Act- Law that required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to sign up for the draft. 8. War Industries Board- Agency led by Bernard Baruch during World War 1 that allocated scarce goods, established production priorities, and set prices on goods. 9. Committee on Public Information- (CPI) Agency created to increase public support for World War 1. 10. Espionage Act- Federal law that outlawed acts of treason during World War 1. 11. Sedition Act- Federal law enacted during World War 1 that made written criticism of the government a crime. 12. Bolsheviks- Group of radical Russian socialists who seized power in 1917 following the overthrow of the czar. 13. Battle of the Argonne Forest- A successful allied effort to push back German troops from a rail center in Sedan, France. 14. Fourteen Points- President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for organizing post-World War 1 Europe and for avoiding future wars. 15. League of Nations- International body of nations formed in 1919 to prevent wars. 16. Reparation- Payments for damages and expenses for war. 17. Treaty of Versailles- Treaty that ended World War 1 that required Germany to pay huge war reparations and to establish the league of nations. 18. WW1 started because countries were trying to gain independence while others were trying to annex them. Militarism was a factor of the start of the war. Militarism is glorification of military strength and an arms race of better armies and better weapons. It was a belief that all disputes must be solved by war. 19. The Schlieffen Plan was a plan that was supposes to wipe out Britain and France so Germany could focus more on Russia. The German’s thought they could make a sneak attack on France if they wiped out Belgium before entering France. The problem with this was that the German’s underestimated the Belgium army’s strength. The Belgium’s held off the Germans long enough so that France and England could prepare themselves for battle. 20. President Wilson wanted to avoid the war at all cost so he threatened to end all diplomatic relations with the German government unless they promised to end all submarine warfare. Germany responed to this with the Sussex Pledge. This was a promise to not sink any ship without a warning and having all passengers off board first. The U.S. government didn’t like this so they loaned out money to the allies to help them win the war. After this was done, this made the Germans angry at us. The German’s responded to this by sending Mexico the Zimmerman note. This was a note that proposed Mexico to attack the United States. The U.S. didn’t like this very well and set up a military “preparedness” program. The U.S. finally ended up going to war with Europe after all this conflict. 21. The U.S. prepared its military by setting up programs like the National Defense Act. This Act increased the number of soldiers in the regular from 90,000 to 175,000.The government also set up the Selective Service Act. This required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register with the local draft boards. This was later changed to ages between 18 and 45. More than 24 million men signed up for the draft and almost 4.8 million actually served in the army. The nation prepared the workers by setting up programs like the National War Labor Board. 22. The German-American’s were treated very harsh here in the United States. Most of the German-Americans lost their jobs while they lived here. Even German entertainment like books, language courses, and German music all vanished. People even renamed German sounding like items like sauerkraut, dachshunds, and hamburger. People also humiliated German-Americans by forcing them to do things like kissing the flag, recite the Pledge of Allegiance, or buy war bonds. Sometimes these acts turned violent. 23. Wilson’s 14 points was a program developed for world peace. Nine out of the 14 points dealt with issues of self determination, the right to govern them, and with the various territorial disputes created by the war. The other points focused on things like causes of war: secret diplomacy, the arms race, violations of freedman of the seas, and trading barriers. The last point was about the establishment of the League of Nations. 24. The war cost the United States $35 billion in all. The nations raised money to pay with Liberty bonds during the war. Posters and other propaganda promoted these bonds to the public. The government also saw a need in increasing taxes.This new tax program ended up raising $10 billion for the war. Conserving resources was done by administration boards.The food adminstration was directed by Herbert Hoover. Hoover encouraged two things to be done in this administration. He wanted farmers to increase crop production and people to conserve food supplies. He also asked people to grow victory gardens to produce more food for the troops. A fuels administration was created to conserve resources like coal. This administration was led by Harry Garfield. He took action by encouraging people to have heatless Mondays. He also shut down factories for a week because of coal shortages. 25. The U.S. government created support for the war by creating propaganda posters to keep them working hard to help them make sacrifices to win the war. President Wilson also created the Committee on Public Information. This committee was directed by George Creel and his role of it was to encourage the American people to support the war. The Committee accomplished this by creating posters that portrayed the Germans as monsters and by producing movies about the war. 26. The ending of World War 1
The Russian/Bolshevik Revolution.Workers wanted change to over throw the CzarThe Bolsheviks were under control of the Russian government Lenin opposed war and withdrew Russia from itGermany’s last raid.Many Germans were sick of the war Soldiers wanted piece German’s wanted money for food America’s Involvement in the war and allied victory German’s threw everything they had in the last battle .The induction of American soldiers to the allies proved to be too much for them.The allies won the Battle of The Argonne Forest 27. Germany’s colonies and the Ottoman Empire were divided among the allied nations. Germany was disarmed and forced to take full responsibility of the war and to pay billions in damage. The U.S. leaders debated on to accept the Treaty of Versailles since Europeans were struggling to recover from the war.More than 8.5 million people died in battle. The war had left their industry and agriculture of much of the continental Europe into ruins. Northern France was completely destroyed and the businesses still operating could not produce enough products to meet demand. This lead to a rapid inflation. Germany’s food shortages were so extreme that it was impossible to keep track of food prices.