Preview

research paper

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
4634 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
research paper
DEMOGRAPHY - Vol. I - Family Planning and Reproductive Health - Iqbal H. Shah

FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Iqbal H. Shah
Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland
Keywords: Family planning, reproductive health, fertility levels and trends, contraceptive prevalence, method mix, contraceptive continuation and switching, contraceptive failure, male participation, induced abortion, maternal mortality ratio,
HIV/AIDS, developing countries, developed countries.
Contents

U
SA NE
M SC
PL O
E –
C EO
H
AP LS
TE S
R
S

1. Introduction
1.1. Data Sources
1.2. Definitions and Discussion of Key Concepts
2. Family Planning: Levels and Trends in the Use of Contraceptive Methods
2.1. Family Planning Use by Major Area and Region
2.2. Male Participation in Family Planning
2.3. Family Planning by Type of the Contraceptive Method Used
3. Reversible Contraceptive Methods: Discontinuation and Switching
4. Family Planning and Induced Abortion
5. Family Planning in the era of HIV/AIDS
5.1. Contraceptive Methods for Couples Living with HIV/AIDS
6. Family Planning and Reproductive Health
7. Conclusions
Glossary
Bibliography
Biographical Sketch
Summary

This chapter focuses on family planning in the context of reproductive health. It brings together the evidence on the levels and trends in the use of family planning methods by area and region. The realization that human fertility can be regulated by using family planning methods and the speed with which this knowledge was put to practice by millions of people worldwide are perhaps the most remarkable achievements since the
1960s. Family planning is a key to attaining sexual and reproductive health, but it also impacts on social and economic development.
Family planning methods are varied - some are permanent and the others are reversible.
Some of the methods are classified as modern while the others are traditional. The


Bibliography: Ǻhman E. and Shah I.H. (2006). Contraceptive Use, Fertility, and Unsafe Abortion in Developing Countries Bongaarts J, Bruce J. (1995). The causes of unmet need for contraception and the social content of services. Bongaarts J. (1984). Implications of Fertility Trends for Contraceptive Practice, Population and Development Review, 10(2): 341-352 Fathalla, M. F. (1992). Reproductive Health in the World: two decades of progress and the challenges ahead Marston C. and Cleland J. (2004). The Effects of Contraception on Obstetric Outcomes. Geneva: World Health Organization Planned Parenthood Federation of America. (2006). A History of Birth Control Methods. New York: Katharine Dexter McCormick Library Ross, J., Stover J., and Adelaja D. (2007). Family Planning Programs in 2004: New Assessments in a Changing Environment, International Family Planning Perspectives, 33(1): 22-30 9-15. [This examines the trends in contraceptive use from 1960 to 1990.] Shah, I, 1995 Shah, I.H. (2001). Perspectives of Users and Potential Users on Methods of Fertility Regulation. In: Sexual and Reproductive Health: Recent Advances, Future Directions edited by Puri Chander and Van The Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1999). Sharing Responsibility: women, society and abortion worldwide. Trussell J. and Kowal B. (1998). The Essentials of Contraception: efficacy, safety, and personal consideration Tucker GM. (1986). Barriers to modern contraceptive use in rural Peru. Studies in Family Planning, 17(6): 308-316 Peru.] United Nations (2005b) United Nations (2007). World Contraceptive Use 2007. New York: United Nations. [A wall chart providing information on current contraceptive prevalence, by method, and unmet need for family United Nations. (1989). Levels and Trends of Contraceptive Use as Assessed in 1988. New York: United Nations United Nations. (1996). Levels and Trends of Contraceptive Use as Assessed in 1994. New York: United Nations United Nations. (2002). World Contraceptive Use 2001. New York: United Nations. [A wall chart
Continue Reading
View Writing Issues

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Better Essays

    Compare and Contrast - Democratic vs. Republican Views on Birth Control
    • 1336 Words
    • 6 Pages

    Compare and Contrast - Democratic vs. Republican Views on Birth Control

    Americans are influenced by the government and it affects many of their medical decisions including those of birth control. Birth control controversies in the United States have been a prevalent topic for many years. In fact, the earliest known usage of contraceptives dates back to ancient Egypt. “Over time, other methods of birth control were invented and tested, including vaginal sponges, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices or IUDs” (“Birth Control”). The usage of such contraceptives became controversial and a main topic when it came to political races. The Democratic and Republican opposing viewpoints on modern birth control affect the country and the medical choices people make depending on its availability and distribution, parental consent, and sexuality education classes.…

    • 1336 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    Margaret Sanger: Dedication Ahead of Her Time
    • 2193 Words
    • 9 Pages

    Margaret Sanger: Dedication Ahead of Her Time

    Contraceptives have been taken for granted, I feel, in both mine and my parents’ generations. I have never stopped to think about the difficulties one may have had to overcome in times past in order to grant the future with such a necessity as this. Margaret Sanger is a nursing leader who lived in a time when women needed to fight for their rights to bear the amount of children their income and personal happiness could logically afford. She knew the hardships of women who had too many children. Working as a visiting nurse in New York’s cold water tenements, she attended to many emergency calls for women with too many children who had seriously injured themselves in an attempt to self- induce abortion. (Archer, J., 1991) After watching a Russian immigrant die from a self- induced abortion, Sanger vowed to dedicate her life to breaking “society’s taboo against investigating and distributing effective birth control information to women who needed practical knowledge to prevent unwanted pregnancies.”(Archer, J., 1991) At that time, condoms were very expensive and not readily available, douching was considered to be taboo, and husbands did not want to practice incomplete intercourse. (Archer, J.,…

    • 2193 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Best Essays

    Summary Of The Song 'We Didn T Start The Fire'
    • 1951 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Summary Of The Song 'We Didn T Start The Fire'

    As discussed in this paper you see that contraception is a major controversial topic affecting feminist, politics and religion. This is an issue that has come about since the beginning of time till the present day. This topic will never stop being discussed and perceived because there is not definite answer to whether it is right or wrong. Opinions are formed based on the information present.…

    • 1951 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Best Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    "Motherhood: Who needs it?" An Evaluation
    • 1283 Words
    • 4 Pages

    "Motherhood: Who needs it?" An Evaluation

    "Sexual and Reproductive Health: Men and Women." Alan Guttmacher Institute. New York. 2003. 24 November 2003 < http://www.agi-usa.org/pubs/fb_10-02.h…

    • 1283 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    The Evolution of Birth Control
    • 1292 Words
    • 6 Pages

    The Evolution of Birth Control

    Rarely is there a subject that is considered as divisive as contraception. While we tend to think of birth control as a fairly modern development, it is an idea that has been around for thousands upon thousands of years and has been documented through both written word and various forms of art. The methods have ranged from spiritual and ritualistic to practical and scientific. Because of the length of a woman’s fertile years (about 40 years) the ability to control one’s ability to have children has affected millions of men and women and therefore is an issue that transcends time and place. The methods have ranged from spiritual and ritualistic to practical and scientific.…

    • 1292 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Population Assessment
    • 5488 Words
    • 22 Pages

    Population Assessment

    KOEING, M.et al. (1997). Influences of Care Upon Contraceptive Use in Rural Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning. (28)4,pp.278-289.…

    • 5488 Words
    • 22 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    A Modest Proposal: The Benefits Of Family Planning
    • 1170 Words
    • 5 Pages

    A Modest Proposal: The Benefits Of Family Planning

    Modern contraceptives include any product or medical procedure that interferes with reproduction. It includes long-acting, reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, which comprise of intrauterine devices (IUDs), the contraceptive steroid pill and implants. LARC methods are easily reversed and do not rely on the user to maintain efficiency 5. These methods have been shown to be acceptable among teens and young women, with higher continuation rates than shorter-acting methods 6. Globally, contraceptive prevalence has increased from 54•8% in 1990 to 63•3% in 2010. Addtionally, the unmet needs for family planning have decreased from 15•4% in 1990, to 12•3% in 2010. Nearly all countries, except for those where contraceptive prevalence was already high in 1990, had an increase in contraceptive prevalence and…

    • 1170 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    Birth Control
    • 1844 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Birth Control

    “Birth control has been pitched in the United States as an individual solution, rather than a public health strategy, the purpose of oral contraceptives was understood by manufacturers, physicians, and consumers to be the prevention of pregnancy, a basic health care need for women. Since 1990, the content of that message has changed, reflecting a shift in the drug industry 's view of the contraception business” (Watkins, 2012, para. 1).…

    • 1844 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    The History of Birth Control
    • 2329 Words
    • 10 Pages

    The History of Birth Control

    Cited: Clemitt, Marcia. "Birth Control Debate." The CQ Researcher (June 2005). 12 Dec. 2006 .…

    • 2329 Words
    • 10 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Health Psychology
    • 206059 Words
    • 825 Pages

    Health Psychology

    overview of a wide range of research and theory ... it clearly deserves to maintain…

    • 206059 Words
    • 825 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    Teenage Pregnancy
    • 1659 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Teenage Pregnancy

    In the US, teen pregnancy rates have been decreasing in the last decade even though current rates remain twice as high as those found in other industrialized nations (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994). In spite of decreasing rates, among African American teenagers, the pregnancy rate is particularly high. In 1996, the pregnancy rate was 178.9 per thousand among African-American females aged 15 to 19 years, compared with a pregnancy rate of 82.6 among whites (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1999). Additionally, on the basis of the findings of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, it was determined that African American females (48%) aged 15 to 17 were more likely than their white (34%) counterparts to have had sexual intercourse since menarche. On the basis of information provide by the National Center for Health Statistics (1997), African-American females aged 15 to 19 were more likely than their white peers to have had their first sexual experience (i.e., intercourse) without using effective contraception (24% versus 14%, respectively). Consequently, on the basis of such risky behavior, African American teenagers are at greater risk than their white peers for experiencing a pregnancy.…

    • 1659 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Powerful Essays

    Birth Control in Bangladesh
    • 4074 Words
    • 17 Pages

    Birth Control in Bangladesh

    This case study features the problems faced by the Population Services International (PSI) with contraceptive methods used in Bangladesh with emphasis on birth control pills. Throughout…

    • 4074 Words
    • 17 Pages
    Powerful Essays
    Read More
  • Good Essays

    Fertility
    • 653 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Fertility

    The percent of women over the age of 15 years of age who are illiterate is 42%(Empowering Women), many of them living in countries with little or no social services such as an education or health care. An example is shown in the table above, where Burkina Faso has a female literacy rate of only 15.2% and very high birth and death rate. Many of these women have been denied the right to an education starting at a young age due to not being able to enroll because of the fees or accessibility or have been forced to drop out to help take care of the family, home or get a job to provide an income for the family (Obstacles to Education). Due to cuts in government provided services in developing countries, the education that some women and girls receive is the bare minimal for them to survive, but not enough for them to move forward economically (Geographies of Global Change). This is an endless cycle and affects the percentage of fertility greatly because as the percentage of female illiteracy increase so does the percentage of fertility. This means that when more women are denied an education or proper health care due to lack of social services in their country, the more unwanted and unplanned pregnancies occur which creates the high birth rate in developing countries. This leads into the use and distribution of contraceptives to women.…

    • 653 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
    Read More
  • Better Essays

    Reproductive Technologies
    • 1977 Words
    • 8 Pages

    Reproductive Technologies

    Bibliography: (No author) At Issue: Human Reproductive Technology. (n.d.). SIRS Issues Researcher. Retrieved October 12, 2012, from sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst-article-display?id=S200008707-0-…

    • 1977 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Better Essays
    Read More
  • Satisfactory Essays

    family planning
    • 910 Words
    • 4 Pages

    family planning

    This paper examines the determinants of family planning service use and the barriers in accessing family planning services among urban poor women in Pakistan. Data were collected from a household survey of 5338 married women of reproductive age (15-45) from slum areas of six cities. The use of family planning services by women in urban slums is strongly linked to individual and household socioeconomic factors. In particular, women were ten times more likely to have used a family planning service if her husband approved. This research has highlighted two key issues regarding the provision of family planning services to the urban poor. First, the urban poor cannot be treated as a homogenous group; there exist important socio-demographic variations within the urban poor population in relation to their use of family planning services and the barriers faced in service utilization. Second, although the urban poor are both economically and physically disadvantaged in access to services, women identified socio-cultural factors as the greatest barrier to family planning service use. This finding is consistent with studies focusing on the general population of Pakistan.…

    • 910 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
    Read More

Related Topics