Research, Technical Writing, and Reporting

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Table of Contents

* Title Page •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1

* Table of Contents •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 * Dedication ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••3 * Acknowledgements ••••••••••••••••••••••••••3 * Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4

* Background of Study ••••••••••••••••••••••••5-6 * Purpose •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7 * Basic Questions to be Answer •••••••••••••••••••8 * Definition of Terms •••••••••••••••••••••••••9-10

* Review of Related Literature •••••••••••••••••••••••11-14

* Results and Discussion •••••••••••••••••••••••••••15-16

* Summary, Conclusion, and References ••••••••••• •••17-19

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Dedication
This Term Paper is lovingly dedicated to our respective parents who have been our constant source of inspiration. They have given us the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without their love and support, this project would not have been made possible and mostly to our Professor/Instructor Mrs. Dolly Ann Quilingin who give us the opportunity to do this Term Paper.

Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following group and individuals to the development of this research paper.
Our class peers for the cooperation and camaraderie.
We are also heartily thankful to our teacher, Mrs. Dolly Ann Quilingin, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled us to develop an understanding of the subject.
To our truly great friend Christopher who has made available his support in a number of ways.
Lastly, we offer our regards and blessings to all of those who supported us in any respect during the completion of the project.

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Introduction

Speech is a human faulty of speaking. It is used by many to communicate with others, mostly used in public speaking. Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. It is closely allied to "presenting", although the latter has more of a commercial advertisement connotation. In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?" The purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators should be able to change the emotions of their listeners, not just inform them. Public speaking can also be considered a discourse community. Interpersonal communication and public speaking have several components that embrace such things as motivational speaking, leadership/personal development, business, customer service, large group communication, and mass communication. Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply ethos. In current times, public speaking for business and commercial events is often done by professionals, with speakers contracted either independently, through representation by a speakers bureau paid on commission of 25-30%, or via other means.

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Background of Study

Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in vocal language. Other research topics concern speech repetition, the ability to map heard spoken words into the vocalizations needed to recreated that plays a key role in the vocabulary expansion in children and speech errors. Several academic disciplines study these including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, otolaryngology and computer science. Another area of research is how the human brain in its different areas such as the Broca 's area and Wernicke 's area underlies speech.
It is controversial how far human speech is unique in that other animals also communicate with vocalizations. While none in the wild have compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities of language trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi raises the possibility that they might have these capabilities.
Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large (usually about 10,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units differ, creating the existence of many thousands of different types of mutually unintelligible human languages. Most human speakers (polyglots) are able to communicate in two or more of them. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide humans with the ability to sing.
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A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a written language, often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. Speech in addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologists such as Vygotsky is internally used by mental processes to enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interior monologue.
The origins of speech are unknown and subject to much debate and speculation.

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Purpose
There is really only one purpose of a speech: a speaker must wish to engage his or her audience with a central idea or proposition. The act of engagement is crucial. A speech is a dynamic relationship between a speaker and the audience. A speaker who views an audience as nothing more than the passive receptacles of his or her insights will lose that audience.
We tend to think about speeches as purely intellectual activities: ideas are proffered to an audience which then assesses their integrity. This conception of a speech is valid, but incomplete. There are a host of ways to communicate ideas; speakers must concentrate on the reasons why a speech is the best way to communicate this idea. The speaker has a central responsibility to assure that the process of communication is expeditious, effective, and pleasant. More importantly, however, the speaker must recognize his or her obligation to interact with the audience. Not recognizing this special relationship will lead to a failed speech. Methods for achieving this connection between speaker and audience are discussed in the section on delivery.

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Basic Questions to be Answer

A. What is Speech? B. What is the used of the Speech in our daily lives? C. What is the importance of speech? D. How Speech produce? E. What are the factors that make Speech, a way to express our feelings?

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Definition of Terms con·no·ta·tion [kon-uh-tey-shuhn] (Noun) * An act or instance of connoting. * The associated or secondary meaning of a word orexpression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning: Apossible connotation of “home” is “a place of warmth, comfort,and affection.” Compare denotation ( def. 1 ) . * Logic . the set of attributes constituting the meaning of aterm and thus determining the range of objects towhich that term may be applied; comprehension; intension. or·a·tor (ôr-tr, r-) (Noun) * One who delivers an oration. * An eloquent and skilled public speaker. e·thos [ee-thos, ee-thohs, eth-os, -ohs] (Noun) * Sociology. The fundamental character or spirit of a culture;the underlying sentiment that informs the beliefs, customs,or practices of a group or society; dominant assumptions ofa people or period: In the Greek ethos the individual was highlyvalued. * the character or disposition of a community, group, person,etc. * the moral element in dramatic literature that determines acharacter 's action rather than his or her thought or emotion. lin·guis·tic [ling-gwis-tik] (adjective) * of or belonging to language: linguistic change. * of or pertaining to linguistics.
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cog·ni·tive [kog-ni-tiv] (adjective) * of or pertaining to cognition. * of or pertaining to the mental processes of perception,memory, judgment, and reasoning, as contrasted withemotional and volitional processes.

o·to·lar·yn·gol·o·gy [oh-toh-lar-ing-gol-uh-jee] (noun) * the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, function, anddiseases of the ear, nose, and throat.

syn·tac·tic [sin-tak-tik] (adjective) * of or pertaining to syntax. * consisting of or noting morphemes that are combined in thesame order as they would be if they were separate words ina corresponding construction: The word blackberry, whichconsists of an adjective followed by a noun, is a syntacticcompound.

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Review of Related Literature
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Speech production
In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants.
Normal human speech is produced with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs which creates phonation in the glottis in the larynx that is then modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants. However humans can pronounce words without the use of the lungs and glottis inalaryngeal speech of which there are three types: esophageal speech, pharyngeal speech and buccal speech (better known as Donald Duck talk).
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Speech perception
Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. Speech research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listeners.

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Speech repetition
Spoken vocalizations are quickly turned from sensory inputs into motor instructions needed for their immediate or delayed (in phonological memory) vocal imitation. This occurs independently of speech perception. This mapping plays a key role in enabling children to expand their spoken vocabulary and hence the ability of human language to transmit across generations.
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Problems involving speech
There are several organic and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are: 1. Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections (bronchitis), vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat. 2. Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech processing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production. 3. Hearing problems, such as otitis media with effusion, and listening problems, auditory processing disorders, can lead to phonological problems. 4. Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome andtics can also affect speech. Many speakers also have a slur in their voice.

12 5. In addition to dysphasia, anomia and auditory processing disorder can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Those who are Hard of Hearing or deaf may be considered to fall into this category.
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Speech and the brain
Two areas of the cerebral cortex are necessary for speech. Broca 's area, named after its discoverer, French neurologist Paul Broca (1824-1880), is in the frontal lobe, usually on the left, near the motor cortex controlling muscles of the lips, jaws, soft palate and vocal cords. When damaged by a stroke or injury, comprehension is unaffected but speech is slow and labored and the sufferer will talk in "telegramese". Wernicke 's area, discovered in 1874 by German neurologist Carl Wernicke (1848-1904), lies to the back of the temporal lobe, again, usually on the left, near the areas receiving auditory and visual information. Damage to it destroys comprehension - the sufferer speaks fluently but nonsensically.
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Vocology

Vocology is the science and practice of vocal habilitation. Its concerns include the nature of speech and language pathology, the defects of the vocal tract (laryngology), the remediation of speech therapy and the voice training and voice pedagogy of song and speech for actors and public speakers.
In its broadest sense, vocology is the study of voice, but as a professional discipline it has a narrower focus: the science and practice of voice habilitation, which includes evaluation, diagnosis, and intervention. It is not yet its own professional degree thus only assist superficially to the voice medicine team.
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Usually a person practicing vocology is a voice coach with additional training in the voice medical arts, or a speech pathologist with additional voice performance training-- so they can better treat the professional voice user.
The study of vocology is recognized academically in taught courses and institutes such as the National Center for Voice and Speech, Westminster Choir College at Rider University, The Grabscheid Voice Center at Mount Sinai Medical Center, the Vox Humana Laboratory at St. Luke 's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and the Regional Center for Voice and Swallowing, at Milan 's Azienda Ospedaliera Fatebenefratelli e Oftalmico, and recently at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The National Center for Voice and Speech and the University of Iowa offer a 8 week intensive course (9 graduate level university credits) and a Certificate in Vocology.
Also reflecting this increased recognition is that when the Scandinavian Journal of Logopedics & Phoniatrics and Voice merged in 1996 the new name selected was Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology.

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Results and Discussion
Speech Communication
The study of speech communication is the study of human symbolic behavior in many forms. Speech is the oldest academic discipline, (tracing its roots to Aristotle), and one of the most modern in its concern with interpersonal relationships. First taught in the schools of ancient Greece from about 450 B.C., speech communication retains value because of its practical nature.
Communication helps us form relationships, allows cultures to evolve, encourages understanding among people; in short, communication is the thing that makes us human. Without it, we would perish. The study of speech is based on the assumption that one’s ability to communicate in an effective manner is vital to successful human interaction.
Four major areas are included in the speech discipline, each of which focus on unique characteristics of particular situations. Interpersonal communication includes the study of symbolic behavior in dyadic, two person, relationships. Group communication concentrates on the small group of three to seven persons. Organizational communication examines the effects that organizational structure and membership have on human communication. Rhetoric and public address is the study of discourse and its role in shaping public perceptions and practices. All areas emphasize effective oral and written communication. In the classroom students study rhetorical theory and criticism, public address, interpersonal communication, small group communication, conflict management, public speaking, argumentation and persuasion. Students gain insight into the effects of public address on history and an understanding of
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such leaders as Adams, Lincoln, and Roosevelt; Kennedy, King, and Reagan; Hitler, and Churchill.
Students may emphasize one of two different areas in their major: general communication or organizational communication. A minor program is also offered in each area. With the general study of speech communication, the student examines all aspects of the discipline in a variety of contexts. An organizational communication emphasis focuses more closely on the context of formal organizations.
After Graduation
More and more employers are beginning to realize how crucial it is to hire employees with liberal arts backgrounds who have good communication skills. Speech communication is one of the most flexible liberal arts degrees a student can earn. Study of this discipline allows students to develop their critical thinking skills and to adapt their abilities to a wide variety of employment opportunities.
Speech communication majors and minors are employed in such diverse areas as hotel management, personnel training, advertising, technical communication, insurance adjusting, teaching, politics, higher education administration, paid speech-writing, political consulting, radio and television broadcasting, the ministry, public relations, business, and a host of others. The American Bar Association highly recommends speech courses for a pre-law program and many former ISU students are practicing law.

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Summary
Before one begins to think about delivering a speech, one must determine why he or she is giving the speech. Speeches serve a variety of purposes. The immediate audience helps determine the purposes of a speech. People assemble for a speech because they expect to hear or learn something they did not already know. A speaker must satisfy these expectations. Establishing one 's purpose in giving a speech demands explicit attention. It is not enough to believe that the speech is expected or that speaking is somehow a routine act. Such assumptions will quickly be discerned by an audience; and if the audience suspects that the speaker is there unwillingly or unenthusiastically, such an audience will be far less receptive. If a speaker does not have a clear reason to give the speech, then the speech should not be given.

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Conclusion
The Speech Communication major provides students opportunities to develop their understanding and appreciation of the human communication process and to enhance their oral and written communication practice. Speech communication students develop an awareness of the importance of oral communication and listening for success in their personal, civic, and professional lives; become familiar with behavioral research in persuasion; understand how language is used to create social change; develop competent delivery skills; assess the quality of arguments; evaluate information found in research and public discourse; and cultivate rhetorical sensitivity in order to better connect with individuals and audiences. In this way, the program contributes to the humanistic, aesthetic, and critical development of liberally educated students in order to prepare them for full and effective participation in society.

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References
1. ^ Tucker, G. Richard (1999). "A Global Perspective on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education.". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 23 April 2012. 2. ^ Masur, E. F. (1995). "Infants ' early verbal imitation and their later lexical development". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41 (3): 286-306. OCLC 89395784. 3. ^ Niebergall A, Zhang S, Kunay E, Keydana G, Job M, et al. Real-time MRI of Speaking at a Resolution of 33 ms: Undersampled Radial FLASH with Nonlinear Inverse Reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2010, doi:10.1002/mrm.24276. 4. ^ a b c Titze IR. (1996). What is vocology? Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 21:5-6.doi:10.3109/14015439609099196 5. ^ Titze IR (Jan 2008). "The human instrument". Sci Am. 298 (1): 94–101.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94. PMID 18225701. 6. ^ Carroll LM (Oct 2000). "Application of singing techniques for the treatment of dysphonia".Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 33 (5): 1003–16. doi:10.1016/S0030-6665(05)70260-7.PMID 10984766. 7. ^ a b c d e f g Brigham, K.; Vijaya Kumar, B.V.K., "Imagined Speech Classification with EEG Signals for Silent Communication: A Preliminary Investigation into Synthetic Telepathy", June 2010 8. ^ a b c d e f Brigham, K.; Vijaya Kumar, B.V.K., "Subject Identification from Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signals During Imagined Speech", September 2010. 9. ^ a b c A. Porbadnigkk; M. Wester; Schultz, T., "EEG-Based Speech Recognition: Impact of Temporal Effects", 2009. 10. ^ a b c d e Robert Bogue, "Brain-computer interfaces: control by thought" Industrial Robot: An International Journal, Vol. 37 Iss: 2, pp.126 – 132, 2010
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References: 1. ^ Tucker, G. Richard (1999). "A Global Perspective on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education.". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 23 April 2012. 2. ^ Masur, E. F. (1995). "Infants ' early verbal imitation and their later lexical development". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41 (3): 286-306. OCLC 89395784. 4. ^ a b c Titze IR. (1996). What is vocology? Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 21:5-6.doi:10.3109/14015439609099196 5 6. ^ Carroll LM (Oct 2000). "Application of singing techniques for the treatment of dysphonia".Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 33 (5): 1003–16. doi:10.1016/S0030-6665(05)70260-7.PMID 10984766. 9. ^ a b c A. Porbadnigkk; M. Wester; Schultz, T., "EEG-Based Speech Recognition: Impact of Temporal Effects", 2009. 10. ^ a b c d e Robert Bogue, "Brain-computer interfaces: control by thought" Industrial Robot: An International Journal, Vol. 37 Iss: 2, pp.126 – 132, 2010 19