The experimenter, teacher, and the learner were all in the same room, the learner would be strapped to a chair. The experimenter explains to the learner that “[h]e will be read lists of simple word pairs, and that he will be tested on his ability to remember the second word of a pair when he hears the first one again,” the experimenter also advises the learner that “[w]henever he makes an error, he (learner) will receive electric shocks of increasing intensity” (632); the intensity of the shocks ranged from slight shock to a severe shock. After the teacher read out loud the simple pairs or words, the experimenter would read out the first word of the pair, and the learner would attempt to answer with the second word of the pair. The teacher participated in the experiment not knowing that learner was an actor and that the learner was not receiving any electric shocks. Stanley Milgram explains that“[t]he point of the experiment is to see how far a person will proceed in a concrete and measureable situation in which he is ordered to inflict increasing pain on a protesting victim” (632). Milgram found that participants were more than willing to go pass what was comfortable to them to please authority; “Milgram found that few participants could…
Organization- discovering the recognizable patterns in the stimulus and recoding them in a form that is simple enough to remember and use…
The famous “Stroop Effect” is so called after its founder, J.R.Stroop who discovered and reported this strange phenomenon in his Ph.D. thesis, which was published in 1935 (Desoto, 2001). The original Stroop test is psychological tests of a person’s mental energy, vitality and flexibility (Monahan, 2001) and over the years it has been revised and adapted, yet the basic principles remain constant. The test takes advantage of a person’s ability to read words more promptly and automatically than they can name colors. The Stroop effect occurs as people attempt to name the color of words that spell out a conflicting color, and with the Stroop test the…
The first experiments included a group of undergraduates from Yale. The experiments involved three subjects: the experimenter, the “teacher” and the “learner”. The teacher would read off a series of words. The learner, who is strapped to an electric chair, would be required to remember the words associated to one another. If the learner did not correctly respond the teacher would be required to administer an electric shock ranging from 15 to 450 volts. (para. 5)…
For example the reaction time will differ from the different stroop effect experiments.“The first test is easy because the color and meaning of the word are congruent. There is no conflict.The second test is hard because the color and meaning of the word are incongruent. This creates a conflict that the brain has to resolve.” ( Para.1) . How come there are different reaction times in the test? “In two classic experiments, Stroop first compared reading a list of words printed in black with reading the same list of words printed in incongruent colors. Stroop found that there was little difference in reading time for the two lists. Stroop then compared the naming of colors for a list of solid color squares with the naming of colors for a list of words printed in incongruent colors. Subjects averaged 74% longer to name ink colors of incongruent words.” https://www.rit.edu/cla/gssp400/sbackground.html . For instance it averages 74% longer to name the ink colors of incongruent words in this experiment. “In two classic experiments, Stroop first compared reading a list of words printed in black with reading the same list of words printed…
Serial Position Effect- our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list.…
The aim of the experiment was test whether automatic processing could affect a colour related task. Previous research has found that the response time of reading the colour of the ink of colour associated words was greater than reading the colour of the ink of neutral words. The experiment retested the Stroop effect to measure the incursion of automatic processing. The results showed that the time to read the ink colour of colour associated words was greater than that of the neutral words and proposed that involuntary interference of automatic process could affect people’s attention during controlled tasks.…
104 Distance Education University students took part in this study, as part of an assignment to analyse the effect of Interference when completing the Stroop task. Participants were given a series of stimulus to set up the experiment. Each person had a turn of being both the participant and the experimenter. A series of four timed tests were given to individuals who required them to read out aloud the colours that were written on the page. The hypotheses being tested were; interference would be seen when trying to read word…
Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learn- ing & Memory, 6, 107–118.…
In the first experiment, the “Ss” were divided into two groups. Two types of stimuli were used on them: national names which were presented digitally through PowerPoint (CS names) and words which were presented orally by the instructors called “E” (US words). For the second stimulus, the “Ss” were required to repeat the word out loud immediately after “E” had pronounced it. Two tasks were first given to the “Ss.” The first task was to learn five visually presented national names, each shown four times in random order, and “Ss” were required to recall them in order to test their learning. The second task was to study 33 auditorily presented words. In order to test their learning, after repeating each word aloud after “E”, “Ss” were then presented 12 pairs of words and they were required to recognize which one of each pair had just been presented by…
Students in school sometimes have a hard time passing their tests at the end of the year, as to what allows them to move up to the next grade depending if the passed or failed. The government however, feels that students who do not pass the end of the school year test should no longer get moved up to the next grade and should be held back. On the other hand I feel that students should be allowed to go onto the next grade even if the student has failed the test.…
n this study, the Stroop effect experiment will be carried out on matching and mismatching test. The Stroop effect experiment was named after Ridely Stroop, published in 1935, and the purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the difference in reaction time of reading the name of the coloured words and naming the ink of the colour. Not only does it record the reaction time, but it also aims to measure individuals focused attention, learning and memory (Stroop, 1935). However, when reading through the congruent (ink colour and the word is the same colour) list of words, the brain takes the information in quickly as it knows the colour and word is the same, but when reading the incongruent (ink colour and word is different) list of words, the brain seem to take the information in slowly and it struggles to name the ink of the colour.…
A paradigm of this the many steps in learning the English alphabet. A child learns the alphabet through listening to the sounds, viewing the letters, and sounding the letters vocally. Subsequently, the second stage of learning is changed behavior such as repeating the sounds of the letters. Therefore, the cognitive process of learning has begun when the learning stage becomes repetitive, and the child commences to include the alphabet in the daily routine.…
In this experiment, the automatic process of reading the color of the word interferes with stating the color of the ink used to present the word (Cohen, 1990). While the previously mentioned experiment is most common, there are other ways to test and study the Stroop Effect. An experiment done by Constantine and colleagues used pictures and fear response to test the Stroop Effect. This experiment tested how the automatic process of a fear response can interfere with a controlled cognition, such as color identification, by presenting pictures of snakes, bunnies, and cows (Constantine et al, 2001). The snakes were used to elicit a negative emotional response, the bunnies were used to elicit a positive emotional response, and cows were used as a neutral control stimulus (Constantine et al, 2001). Stroop Effect experiments typically test for reaction times to words or pictures to conclude if the data suggests there is interference (Lindsay & Jacoby, 1994). There has been some debate to determine if it is more accurate to collect data from reaction time instead of the accuracy of answers from participants. In one experiment, researchers measured the Stroop…
There is an optimal rate for accomplishing most tasks. A competent student is often a well-paced student, performing at a rate appropriate to the task and available time. Taking the appropriate amount of time for a task is largely dependent upon both a student’s temporal-sequential skills and his/her attentional abilities. Temporal-sequential skills help us interpret, retain, or create information that is in serial order. These skills are related to a student’s ability to appreciate time in general and estimate time appropriately.…