1.0 Introduction
1.1 Defining Culture
Culture is everywhere; it’s something that gives identity to a group of people or a place. It can be seen in something as small as a group of friends or a town or reaching much larger scales of a whole country. However the complexity of the word is something most people fail to think about. It’s a word everyone understands but ultimately find very difficult to define.
A definition by Raymond Williams taken from the book “Moving from high culture to ordinary culture” – 1958. “A culture has two aspects: the known meanings and directions, which its members are trained to; the new observations and meanings, which are offered and tested”. This is just a couple of lines from the very long definition however; it states, maybe, the most important part of the definition. The known meanings and directions of its members refers to everyday life of the members and what gives them their identity. The new observations and meanings which are offered and tested talks of how a culture can change over time. Raymond Williams also states how culture is ordinary and it’s an ordinary process of human societies to establish their own cultures.
Another Definition given by Edward Said quoted from his book “Culture and Imperialism” – 1994, also states how culture is given in two aspects but his definition interprets culture to be much broader than Raymond Williams. “First of all culture means all those practices like the arts of description, communication and representation, that have relative autonomy from the economic, social, and political realms and that often exist in aesthetic forms, one of whose principal aims is pleasure”.
This refers to the way of life of a population and how they respond to laws and regulations of the area they live in which in its self is also culture. 1.2 Cultural Landscapes
Cultural landscape is easier to define