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Libor Scandal
What is Libor and why does it matter?
Libor stands for London Interbank Offered Rate. “It is considered to be an average interest rate which is estimated by some leading banks in London that they would be charged if borrowing from other banks.” Libor rate is considered to be the primary benchmark for short term interest rates around the world. It is the average cost of borrowing and is estimated on a daily basis by a group of banks as mentioned above.
Libor rate gained momentum around the 1980’s when it became apparent that there were an increasing number of banks were trading actively in many new market instruments at that time namely: interest rate swaps, foreign currency options and forward agreements.
Libor Scandal
Preceding the financial crisis in 2008, the Libor rate was seen as a reflection of the state of many bank’s balance sheet. Barclay’s and many more big banks were accused of distorting the LIBOR by submitting fake low borrowing estimates, thus it adversely affected the LIBOR by making it an inaccurate representation of borrowing costs and affecting the rates of many short term interest rates around many banks.
Barclays had to settle $ 450 million to relevant authorities. It also claimed that it was not possible for the final LIBOR rate to be influenced solely to its manipulations. Many more banks were also suspected of doing the same thing but evidence shows that a single bank can do significantly impact the rate. The reason as to why Barclays had submitted wrong and low borrowing costs were simply because they estimated that rivals were doing the same thing. If other banks would have been submitted higher estimates, Barclays would have appeared to be in trouble since other banks would appealed to be more credit worthy than other. Real economy is affected when such illegal cooking of Libor rate takes place.
This takes place since Libor affects the interest rates paid by hundreds of millions of people on their own mortgages, small

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    1) There were many individuals that benefitted from the manipulation of LIBOR. The Barclays derivatives traders, Money Market Desk, Bob Diamond and senior management and other banks all had some sort of gain from the LIBOR scandal.Let’s start with the people that had the most monetary gain - the Barclays derivative traders. It is said that LIBOR has been manipulated since the early 90s. Since then, there has been trillions of money made by derivate traders as they influence LIBOR. The traders communicated with the Money Market Desk, the individuals who submitted LIBOR rates, in order to manipulate the rate to their favour. In fact, the investigation found the derivate traders were not at all quiet about their discussions to the Desk regarding the manipulation of LIBOR. One conversation between a trader and a submitter went public and the submitter basically ensured the trader he would submit one less basis point from what he should actually submit.i A calculation derived from Galen Burghardt’s The Eurodollar Futures and Options Handbook shows that a manipulation of one basis point for a low 3-month fix can earn the trader over $2million dollars from an $80 billion deal. For a deal that is often settled, the derivative traders made their fair share of money by manipulating LIBOR. According to the Barclays and the LIBOR Scandal article, the derivative traders and the Desk was located on the same trading floor, which if you asked me, says a lot about Barclays internal control regarding LIBOR rate submissions in itself. The Desk benefitted from manipulating LIBOR in my opinion although nothing has been published. This is because nobody will do anything for someone unless they receive something in return. And the fact that submitting altered rates can earn a trader millions of dollars. In my opinion, the submitters received sums of money from the traders they ‘helped’. Bob Diamond and Barclays senior management…

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