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CPR: CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSITATON
D= Danger
R=Response
S=Send for help
A=Airway
B=Breathing
C=CPR
D=Difibulation

What is CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a combined of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and chest compressions.
It helps to keep blood And oxygen circulating to the heart and brain of a person whose heart has stopped beating.
The term CPR is used to save life’s.
Knowing how to do CPR and doing it as soon as someones heart stops beating can save a persons life. CPR buys lifesaving time.

What is cardiac arrest
A cardiac arrest is when a person’s heart suddenly stops beating(VF).
A cardiac arrest is where a person collapses and doesn’t react to your voice and touch. They will die if not treated immediately.
A person in cardiac arrest has no chance of survival CPR is immediately needed and a difibulation is used on them as soon as possible.
A difibulator is a machine that gives a person’s heart a controlled electric shock that may restart the person’s heart.

HEMORAGE
Hemorrhage is any profuse internal or external bleeding from the blood vessels. The most obvious cause of hemorrhage is trauma or injury to a blood vessel. Hemorrhage can also be caused by aneurysms or weak spots in the artery wall that are often present at birth. Over time, the blood vessel walls at the site of an aneurysm tend to become thinner and bulge out like water balloons as blood passes through them, making them more likely to leak and rupture.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is often a contributing factor in brain hemorrhage, which can cause a stroke. Other times, vessels simply wear out retinopathy with age. Uncontrolled diabetes can also weaken blood vessels, especially in the eyes.
SPLINTS AND EMOBILIZATION splints and embolization is where if something is broken u splint it with whatever you have like towels or whatever if something is broken u have no other option but to splint it and if u can’t splint it u can emobilize whatever is broken in what case will help with the pressure leading to whatever is broken and helps with the pain and if you can u call triple zero and in which you can’t u travel on foot for as long as u can and if you are by yourself u wait and sit tight because if u have told someone where u have gone and what approximant time you’ll be home and you’re not home well they’ll send a search party to the approximant location you are at.
BITES
If you were bitten on the leg for example you would have to cut the circulation of where that spider or whatever bit u because you wouldn’t have any idea of would have bit u and if it is poisonous then the more you move the more fasts the poisons spread to your blood vessels and you’re time of living would be decreasing in matters of minutes and even seconds without anti venom. Types of fractions
Compound fracture
Simple fracture
Greenstick fracture
Transverse fracture
Oblique fracture Comminuted fracture
CHOKING

Maintaining a clear airway is always the priority to make sure the person can keep breathing. You might need to roll them onto their side, but spinal injury is always a possibility in anyone involved in an accident. There are ways of placing an injured person on their side so that there is very little movement to their spine. You can learn these skills in a first aid course.

OVER DOES AND DRUGS
Medications are very unpredictable. Many medications or illicit drugs have dangerous side effects, particularly if they are mixed together or taken with alcohol.

If you are aware or suspect that someone you have found has overdosed on drugs or medications, do not leave them to ‘sleep it off’. A doctor or ambulance paramedic should assess any person who overdoses on any medication.

It is very important that you call triple zero (000) if you are aware or suspect that someone you have found has overdosed on drugs or medications, as many overdoses cause death.

Reducing the risk of infected wounds during first aid
Open wounds are prone to infection. Suggestions to reduce the risk of infection include:
Wash your hands if possible before managing the wound. You could also use an antibacterial hand sanitiser.
Put on the disposable gloves provided in your first aid kit.
Try to avoid breathing or coughing over the wound.
Cleaning of the wound depends on the type and severity of the wound, including the severity of the bleeding. You may just clean around the wound.
Cover the wound with a sterile dressing. Try not to touch the dressing’s surface before applying it to the wound.
Seek medical advice or call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.

In an emergency, these suggestions may not be practical. If the injured person is bleeding heavily, don’t waste time. For example, cleaning the wound might dislodge a blood clot and make the wound bleed again or bleed more.

Immediately apply pressure to a heavily bleeding wound (or around the wound if there is an embedded object), and apply a bandage when the bleeding has slowed down or stopped. Call triple zero (000) immediately.
Using bandages during first aid
General suggestions include:
The injured person should be sitting or lying down. Position yourself in front of the person on their injured side.
Make sure their injured body part is supported in position before you start to bandage it.
If the injured person can help by holding the padding in place, wrap the ‘tail’ of the bandage one full turn around the limb, so that the bandage is anchored.
If there is no assistance, wrap the ‘tail’ of the bandage directly around the padding over the wound.
Bandage up the limb, making sure each turn overlaps the turn before. Alternatively, you can bandage in a ‘figure eight’ fashion.
Make sure the bandage isn’t too tight so you don’t reduce blood flow to the extremities (hands and feet). Check by pressing on a fingernail or toenail of the injured limb – if the pink colour returns within a couple of seconds, the bandage isn’t affecting the person’s circulation. If the nail remains white for some time, loosen the bandage. Keep checking and adjusting the bandage, especially if swelling is a problem.

Making an arm sling
After being bandaged, an injured forearm or wrist may require an arm sling to lift the arm and keep it from moving. Steps include:
Arrange the person’s arm in a ‘V’ so that it is held in front of their body and bent at the elbow, with the hand resting in the hollow where the collarbone meets the shoulder.
Open a triangular bandage and place it on top of the injured arm. The longest edge needs to be lengthwise along the person’s body and the point of the bandage should be towards the person’s elbow on their injured side. You only need enough material to tie a knot at the fingertip end.
Create a cradle (hammock) around the injured arm by folding the upper half of the long edge under the injured arm.
Gently gather the material together at the elbow and pull it tight without pulling the bandage off the injured arm. Twist the material into a long spiral.
Bring the long spiral around and then up the person’s back.
Tie the two ends together firmly at the person’s fingertips.
DRUG OVERDOSE

symptoms of a drug overdose may include: nausea vomiting abdominal cramps diarrhoea dizziness loss of balance seizures (fitting) drowsiness confusion breathing difficulties/not breathing internal bleeding hallucination visual disturbances snoring deeply turning blue coma. FACTORS OF DRUG OVER DOSE
People of any age may take a drug overdose. The risk is increased when: more than one drug is taken at the same time the body is not used to taking a certain drug
FIRST AID DRUG OVER DOSE
If you think someone has taken an overdose:
Stay calm
Call an ambulance on triple zero (000).
If the person is unconscious but breathing, place them on their side in the recovery position. Make sure that the airway remains open by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. Check breathing and monitor their condition until help arrives.
Do not try to make the person vomit.
Do not give them anything to eat or drink.
Bring the pill containers to hospital.
Even if the person seems OK, call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 for advice on what to do to help. The centre is open 24 hours every day, Australia-wide.
Internal bleeding
It is important to remember that an injured person may be bleeding internally even if you can’t see any blood. An internal injury can sometimes cause bleeding that remains contained within the body; for example, within the skull or abdominal cavity.

Listen carefully to what the person tells you about their injury – where they felt the impact, for example. They may display the signs and symptoms of shock. In the case of a head injury, they may display the signs and symptoms of concussion. Therefore, it is important to ask the right questions to collect the relevant information.

Symptoms of concealed internal bleeding
The signs and symptoms that suggest concealed internal bleeding depend on where the bleeding is inside the body, but may include:
Pain at the injured site
Swollen, tight abdomen
Nausea and vomiting
Pale, clammy, sweaty skin
Breathlessness
Extreme thirst
Unconsciousness.
Some signs and symptoms specific to concussion (caused by trauma to the head):
Headache or dizziness
Loss of memory, particularly of the event
Confusion
Altered state of consciousness
Wounds on the head (face and scalp)
Nausea and vomiting.

Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is soft, to allow movement, but tough enough to resist breaking or tearing. It varies in texture and thickness from one part of the body to the next. It consists of two main layers - the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis refers to the surface layer and is made of several sheets of skin cells. The dermis lies beneath and consists of elastic fibres (elastin), for suppleness, and protein fibres (collagen) for strength. Sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nerves and blood vessels are found in the dermis.

The two broad categories of skin wounds include abrasions and incised wounds.

Abrasions

An abrasion means that the surface layers of the skin (epidermis) has been broken. Thin-skinned bony areas - knees, ankles and elbows - are more prone to abrasions than thicker, more padded areas. The scraped skin of an abrasion can contain particles of dirt. First aid treatment includes:
Clean the wound with a non-fibre shedding material or sterile gauze, and use an antiseptic such as Betadine. If there is embedded dirt, Savlon may be used as it contains an antiseptic and a surfactant to help remove debris. Rinse the wound after five minutes with sterile saline or flowing tap water.
Don’t scrub at embedded dirt, as this can traumatise the site even more.
Cover the cleaned wound with an appropriate non-stick sterile dressing.
Change the dressing according to the manufacturer’s instructions (some may be left in place for several days to a week). If you reapply antiseptic, wash it off after 5 minutes and then redress the wound.
Incised wounds

Incised wounds are caused by sharp objects, such as knives or shards of glass, slicing into the skin. Depending on the injury, underlying blood vessels can be punctured, leading to significant blood loss. A severed artery is a medical emergency, because the muscular action of this blood vessel will pump the entire blood supply out of the wound in just a few minutes. First aid treatment for severe bleeding includes:
Remove clothing around the site for easier access.
Apply pressure directly to the wound with your hands to stem the blood flow.
Cover the wound with a sterile dressing, if possible, and continue to apply direct pressure (bandage firmly).
Try to raise the injured area above the level of the heart.
Don’t remove existing dressings if they become saturated with blood, but instead add fresh dressings over the top.
Call an ambulance as soon as possible.
Tetanus-prone wounds

Some wounds are more likely to encourage the growth of tetanus bacteria than others, unless the person is immunised against tetanus. If it is more than five years since your last dose, you may need a booster. You should see your doctor without delay.

The stages of healing

The body begins repairing a wound immediately and the process may continue for days, weeks, months or even years, depending on the injury. The basic stages of healing include:
The body takes action to maintain a normal state. Blood vessels to the wound constrict, reducing blood loss. Blood platelets gather at the site to form a clot.
Once the clot has formed, the blood vessels dilate, allowing maximum blood flow to the site. This causes inflammation. White blood cells start cleaning the site of bacteria, micro-organisms and other foreign agents.
New layers of collagen are laid at the site. Capillaries are formed to service the new skin tissue.
Contraction occurs at the edges of the wound thereby reducing the size of the wound.
Surface skin cells migrate from one side of the wound to the other, covering the wound with cells to form the new skin.
Depending on the injury, the site is left with a scar. Generally, scar tissue isn’t as strong as undamaged skin.
Stitches and glues

Some wounds are too large for the body to seal without help. Your doctor will decide whether or not a wound requires stitching or gluing. General suggestions to take care of a stitched wound include:
Keep the site dry and clean. It may be covered with an occlusive thin film dressing which is waterproof and protective.
Only apply lotions or ointments to the wound if instructed to do so by medical staff.
Try not to exert yourself, as physical activity may cause the site to bleed.
Seek medical advice immediately if the site starts to produce pus, swell or exude a disagreeable odour.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is soft, to allow movement, but still tough enough to resist breaking or tearing. It varies in texture and thickness from one part of the body to the next. For instance, the skin on our lips and eyelids is very thin and delicate, while skin on the soles of our feet is thicker and harder.

Our skin is a good indicator of our general health. If someone is sick, it often shows in their skin.

Functions of the skin

Skin is one of our most versatile organs. Some of the different functions of skin include:
A waterproof wrapping for our entire body
The first line of defence against bacteria and other organisms
A cooling system via sweat
A sense organ that gives us information about pain, pleasure, temperature and pressure.

The epidermis

The skin you can see is called the epidermis. This protects the more delicate inner layers. The epidermis is made up of several ‘sheets’ of cells. The bottom sheet is where new epidermal cells are made. As old, dead skin cells are sloughed off the surface, new ones are pushed up to replace them. The epidermis also contains melanin, the pigment that gives skin its colour.

The dermis

Under the epidermis is the dermis. This is made up of elastic fibres (elastin) for suppleness and protein fibres (collagen) for strength. The dermis contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and nerves.

The subcutis

The subcutis is a layer of fat that sits immediately under the dermis. It provides thermal insulation and mechanical protection. It gives smoothness and contour to our body. Adipose fat stored in the subcutis is a source of energy.

Glands and blood vessels in the skin

The dermis is well supplied with blood vessels. In hot weather or after exercise, these blood vessels expand, bringing body heat to the skin surface. Perspiration floods out of sweat glands and evaporates from the skin, taking the heat along with it.

If the temperature is cold, these blood vessels in the dermis contract, which helps to cut down on heat loss. Sebaceous glands in the dermis secrete sebum to lubricate the skin.

Hair and nails and the skin

Hair and nails are manufactured by cells in the epidermis. Our lack of a complete cover of body hair makes human skin very different from the skin of any other animal. Hair is made up of a protein called keratin. The amount of hair on our body varies from place to place.

Hairless sites include the lips, palms and soles of the feet. The hairiest sites include the scalp, pubis and underarms in both sexes, and the face and chest in men. Nails are made from skin cells, but the only live parts are the nail bed and the nail matrix underneath the cuticle. The nail itself is made of dead cells.

Nerves in the skin

Both the dermis and epidermis have nerve endings. These carry information about temperature, sensation (pleasure or pain) and pressure. Some areas have more of these nerves than others, such as the fingertips.

Cradle cap
Cradle cap is we’re there is dry and crystallised skin in the first 3 weeks of life and this is caused od bad hygiene and bad parenting cradle cap will disappears after a few weeks and if not seem medical advice