Summary: Autonomy Development In Adolescence
Independency (autonomy) Development in Adolescence
Carissa Jackson
November 19th, 2015
Salem College
Mary Jacobsen
Psychology 150: Personality Psychology
1. Trait definition (and/or conflicting definitions)
1.1. Defined as the flexibility from outside control or leadership, the word autonomy comes from the early 17th century; from the Greek word autonomia meaning ‘having its own laws,’ from auto: ‘self’, nomos: ‘laws’. Independent is defined just as autonomy is. Independent came from the early 16th century. Psychologically, the issue is defining what the “authentic self.” It‘s defined as the ability to make choices of one’s own free will (M.D., 2012). Jane Dryden defined autonomy as an individual’s capacity for self-determination or self-governance. …show more content…
Likewise, some definitions emphasize freedom from the constraints of childhood dependence on others, whereas others focus on the freedom to make choices, pursue goals, and so forth. Ed Deci and Richard Ryan define autonomy (self-determination) as not being separated from willing of others but as a sense of self-determination. Self-determination is deciding for yourself what to do. Within self-determination theory in psychology, autonomy also refers to "autonomy support versus control," hypothesizing that autonomy-supportive social environments are inclined to facilitate self-determined motivation, healthy development, and optimal functioning (Autonomy, 2012) (Carver & Scheier, 2012, 2010, 2008) (Kupfer, 1990) (M.D., 2012) (autonomy, 1996-2015) (McLeod, 2008).
1.2. Autonomy can also mean being self-reliant. Being self-reliant means that one depends on their own resources rather than someone else’s. Autonomy can be related to attachment, relatedness, approach and avoidance, and competence. Several studies from Deci and Ryan have confirmed that autonomy and relatedness can exist side by side. Another study from the same researchers found that a measure of behaving autonomously was tied to more relatedness, in the form of having open and positive communication with significant others. Before autonomy is develop, infants have a secure bond with the person they are closest to (attachment). In order to rid attachment is letting the child be autonomous and relying on self.
1.3.
Autonomy is the second stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It takes place in the early childhood and mainly focuses on the personal choices the children make. Children gain a little independence in this stage; they make their own decisions based on what they like. Toilet training is one of the best examples of autonomy. Erikson believed that learning how to maintain one’s own body fluids and the feel to control it is a great step to becoming autonomous. Other examples are having the choice in what foods they want to eat, what toy they want to play with, and what clothes they want to wear. Feelings of autonomy can increase when children interact more and more with people. Any child that gets through this stage automatically feel the sense of independency and feel super confident and if they don’t, they’ll feel shameful and doubtful. If the efforts lead to failure, ridicule, or criticism, the result is shame and self-doubt. Erikson believed that managing this conflict leads to the ego quality of will: a determination to exercise free choice; children can act with …show more content…
intention.
1.4. Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure. “The aim has to be self-control without the loss of self-esteem.” He believed that if children continue to stay encouraged and are well-known supported at being autonomous, they will become more confident and secure with trying to survive the outside world. Parents need to encourage their children in becoming more autonomous while protecting their child so that they won’t fail in what they like to do (Autonomy, 2012) (Carver & Scheier, 2012, 2010, 2008) (Kupfer, 1990) (M.D., 2012) (autonomy, 1996-2015) (McLeod, 2008).
2. Theoretical perspectives and explanations…
2.1.
3. Origins, causes and development……………
3.1. According to Erik Erikson, the earliest period during which the issue of autonomy surfaces is toddlerhood. In adolescences, there are three types of autonomy that they develop; emotional autonomy, behavioral autonomy, and value autonomy.
4.
Advantages and Disadvantages…………….
4.1.
5. Personal Views and Experiences.............
5.1......
References autonomy. (1996-2015). Retrieved from Your Dictionary: http://www.yourdictionary.com/autonomy
Autonomy. (2012, November 29). Retrieved from New World Encyclopedia: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Autonomy
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2012, 2010, 2008). Perspectives on Personality. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.
Kupfer, J. H. (1990). Autonomy and social interaction. Albany: State University of New York Press.
M.D., A. L. (2012, May 6). The Desire for Autonomy. Retrieved from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/happiness-in-world/201205/the-desire-autonomy
McLeod, S. (2008). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from Simply Psychology:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
Carissa Jackson
November 19th, 2015
Salem College
Mary Jacobsen
Psychology 150: Personality Psychology
1. Trait definition (and/or conflicting definitions)
1.1. Defined as the flexibility from outside control or leadership, the word autonomy comes from the early 17th century; from the Greek word autonomia meaning ‘having its own laws,’ from auto: ‘self’, nomos: ‘laws’. Independent is defined just as autonomy is. Independent came from the early 16th century. Psychologically, the issue is defining what the “authentic self.” It‘s defined as the ability to make choices of one’s own free will (M.D., 2012). Jane Dryden defined autonomy as an individual’s capacity for self-determination or self-governance. …show more content…
Likewise, some definitions emphasize freedom from the constraints of childhood dependence on others, whereas others focus on the freedom to make choices, pursue goals, and so forth. Ed Deci and Richard Ryan define autonomy (self-determination) as not being separated from willing of others but as a sense of self-determination. Self-determination is deciding for yourself what to do. Within self-determination theory in psychology, autonomy also refers to "autonomy support versus control," hypothesizing that autonomy-supportive social environments are inclined to facilitate self-determined motivation, healthy development, and optimal functioning (Autonomy, 2012) (Carver & Scheier, 2012, 2010, 2008) (Kupfer, 1990) (M.D., 2012) (autonomy, 1996-2015) (McLeod, 2008).
1.2. Autonomy can also mean being self-reliant. Being self-reliant means that one depends on their own resources rather than someone else’s. Autonomy can be related to attachment, relatedness, approach and avoidance, and competence. Several studies from Deci and Ryan have confirmed that autonomy and relatedness can exist side by side. Another study from the same researchers found that a measure of behaving autonomously was tied to more relatedness, in the form of having open and positive communication with significant others. Before autonomy is develop, infants have a secure bond with the person they are closest to (attachment). In order to rid attachment is letting the child be autonomous and relying on self.
1.3.
Autonomy is the second stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It takes place in the early childhood and mainly focuses on the personal choices the children make. Children gain a little independence in this stage; they make their own decisions based on what they like. Toilet training is one of the best examples of autonomy. Erikson believed that learning how to maintain one’s own body fluids and the feel to control it is a great step to becoming autonomous. Other examples are having the choice in what foods they want to eat, what toy they want to play with, and what clothes they want to wear. Feelings of autonomy can increase when children interact more and more with people. Any child that gets through this stage automatically feel the sense of independency and feel super confident and if they don’t, they’ll feel shameful and doubtful. If the efforts lead to failure, ridicule, or criticism, the result is shame and self-doubt. Erikson believed that managing this conflict leads to the ego quality of will: a determination to exercise free choice; children can act with …show more content…
intention.
1.4. Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure. “The aim has to be self-control without the loss of self-esteem.” He believed that if children continue to stay encouraged and are well-known supported at being autonomous, they will become more confident and secure with trying to survive the outside world. Parents need to encourage their children in becoming more autonomous while protecting their child so that they won’t fail in what they like to do (Autonomy, 2012) (Carver & Scheier, 2012, 2010, 2008) (Kupfer, 1990) (M.D., 2012) (autonomy, 1996-2015) (McLeod, 2008).
2. Theoretical perspectives and explanations…
2.1.
3. Origins, causes and development……………
3.1. According to Erik Erikson, the earliest period during which the issue of autonomy surfaces is toddlerhood. In adolescences, there are three types of autonomy that they develop; emotional autonomy, behavioral autonomy, and value autonomy.
4.
Advantages and Disadvantages…………….
4.1.
5. Personal Views and Experiences.............
5.1......
References autonomy. (1996-2015). Retrieved from Your Dictionary: http://www.yourdictionary.com/autonomy
Autonomy. (2012, November 29). Retrieved from New World Encyclopedia: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Autonomy
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2012, 2010, 2008). Perspectives on Personality. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.
Kupfer, J. H. (1990). Autonomy and social interaction. Albany: State University of New York Press.
M.D., A. L. (2012, May 6). The Desire for Autonomy. Retrieved from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/happiness-in-world/201205/the-desire-autonomy
McLeod, S. (2008). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from Simply Psychology:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html