In the article titled”Face off on the Playfield”, by Judith B. Stamper explores the issues of female athletes competing on traditional boy’s sport team. First, Stamper explain how opponent agree that girl are not aggressive enough. But supporters argue that girl don’t have good equipment like boy. The author also report that some male athletes get uncomfortable having physical contact with girls. Second, girl are too weak to compete. In Addition she emphasised that supporters say Title IX has benefitted girl’s health and how society view girls. Now, more girl are playing sports. Finally Stamper concludes that as the debate over ow Title IX continue, boy are now asking to compete on girl’s team.…
Female physical educators attempted to create a separate and "moderate" sphere for women's athletics, by creating a restrictive set of rules for women's sports. Commercial sports promoters sought out the fears of the "unfeminine" sportswomen by emphasizing a sexual appeal of athletes. In both of these cases that goal was to show that sports could actually enhance women's fitness as mothers or their attractiveness a mates. Another one of the books strengths focused on ways class and race intersected with gender. For example, the views of white female educators were based on middle-class conceptions of feminine respectability. Cahn's examinations of particular sports include those that were favored by the wealthy (field hockey), the middle class (non-competitive basketball), the working class (soft-ball), and African Americans (track and field). Her interviews with former elite athletes show that women gained opportunities and personal satisfaction in sports, while rarely feeling stigmatized. Cahn also shows sports provided a place for lesbians in creating a shared culture. In the final chapter "You've come along way, maybe"; sketches the remarkable developments since the 1960s, highlighting the rapid advances that have occurred in women's sports, while also noting the limits of these changes,…
held against them ("Masculinity and Gender Roles in Sports"). As the role of women has progressed, a…
One of the key points to evaluate here is the argument that males biologically have an advantage in the majority of sports. In the vast number of cases this is true, however this should not be a reason why females are either discriminated against or feel pressurised to not participate in a sport. In a study done by McArdle, Katch & Katch in 1981, it was shown that among Western adults, men are around 50 percent stronger than women1. One thing that is important to point out here is that the average female has not been encouraged to participate in activities that would develop the growth and potential of muscles in the same way men have been encouraged to do. The stereotype that women should be slender and with little muscle does not aid this particular viewpoint on women’s sport. This leads on to the point of the history of female sport and the view on women’s roles in society. The earlier you go back in history, the more the viewpoint has existed that women are there to aid the husband in the house and bring up the children whilst he is out earning the money. This was very much the case and still is in some cultures, which inhibited and inhibits women from participating in sport because they simply do not have the time for it. As Spears (1978) said in his study, “Only the exceptional woman was involved in sport”2. I think it is fair to say however, that this viewpoint is quite clearly changing because participation in female sport is at an all time high at the moment. According to…
Any time a male environment is steeped in sexism, those attitudes eventually hurt women, whether verbally or physically. Sports have been defined as male, like physics and math and Congress. Any time women have entered a field previously dominated by men, it threatens men's self-confidence. If women can do it, what does this…
In this article “Move Over Boys, Make Room in the Crease,” Sara Maratta discusses a controversial issue of women are becoming more accepted into the sports world, not only as fans and players but also as voices in sports journalism. However, men still dominate on all levels. Why? Some argue because of stereotype. From this perspective, who really cares why women are not receiving the same equality as men? Are women being used as sex symbols, are they really being accepted in the sports world or is the sports world just creating balance.…
Prior to Title IX (before 1870), women’s opportunity for physical activity was restricted due to the fact that sports were a “men’s” thing. Activities for women included noncompetitive and rule-less where they emphasized informal activities rather than competition. Women in sports, before Title IX was signed, made huge strides against the stereotype that women cannot compete. In 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim across the English Channel and who set the world record. In 1945, Babe Didrikson Zaharias became the first woman to compete in the PGA golf tour where she made the 36-hole cut to compete against men. On June 23, 1972 Title IX was signed and put into effect. Title IX stated that “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” Even after the implementation of Title IX, women in sports still make strides for equality among sports with men. Not only are they in competition with each other, they are in competition with society and the equality amongst themselves and men.…
A fact that stood out to me was that women who participated in physical activity were not only deemed unattractive, but defined as lesbians. Worst of all, a woman’s parents would not show up to watch or support her playing because she was a girl. After providing helpful information the article provides stories of female athletes, and an insight into what they went through in order to play the sport they loved. Finally, the article closes with statistical data, and explains how people are trying to limit the effects of Title IX.…
A little girl may dream of becoming President, or becoming the first woman to step on another planet, or becoming a CEO. Many of these jobs come with discrimination, especially involving women at a great height of success. Some successful women stood up to this prejudice in hopes to fight for women's rights. Shirley Chisholm,the first African American congresswoman, spoke out on the immorality faced by not only women but African American women in “Equal Rights for Women”. In addition, Serena Williams, a Wimbledon tennis champion, spoke out on unequal pay at many tennis tournaments for woman in “Wimbledon Has sent Me a Message: I’m Only a Second Class Champion”. Both speakers convey the prejudice they faced regarding women's rights by using…
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 was passed into legislation with the original intent to help women in the workforce of higher education with equal pay and to suppress gender discrimination. Because of the social history of the time in which there were more instances of success for female athletes as well as several low state court cases for athletically talented girls in junior high, Title IX had been reformulated by congress members to focus on female participation in sports. Today, Title IX is best known for its regulations in ensuring equal athletic opportunities for men and women. With the passing of Title IX by Federal Law makers in 1972, the number of female athletes dramatically increased. Since 1971, the NCAA has had an increase of over 450% of female athletes, and in high schools, an increase of over 900%. Prior to the 1970’s and Title IX, it was not common in America to be a female athlete. This caused more participation of women in sports than ever before in American history, and new magazines launched for this new population, such as Women Sports. But despite the increase of participation in athletics, females continued to be portrayed as passive and feminine in advertisements used in Women Sports. For women, the word female became an adjective instead of a noun when it came to athletics and sports. Because being athletic was, and is, a manly attribute, the increase of female athletes during the period after the passing of Title IX broadened the role of women in American society, yet the definition of female and the definition of athlete remained the same.…
Before conducting the research, I went to library and looked through two different magazines, Sports Illustrated (SI) and Chatelaine, which were both released in November 2011. SI is a sports magazine with a gender-neutral name, but there is one long-held view that women are not equal to men in the realm of sports. I’m not talking about the performance levels of athletes, but the idea that accomplishments of female athletes are not celebrated equally to those made by male athletes. As for Chatelaine, which means a woman who owns or controls a large house, it is a Canadian magazine focused on female interests, and according to the magazine, those interests are fashion, beauty and decor, to current affairs, health and food.…
1. Fallow acknowledges the objections of feminists to the phrase “throwing like a girl.” Yet that is not the only derogatory phrase towards women. Activities such as football, hockey and hunting are mainly men’s sports too. It is clear that women gather more negative associations than the male population. Feminists challenge the phrase “throwing like a girl” because it is proven that men and women’s shoulders are aligned similarly and there are no structural differences between them. Boys are taught from a young age the importance of sports and playing ball while girls are not. Feminists argue that there are many women who can throw better than men and that “it’s not gender that makes the difference in how they throw.” (388) In my opinion Fallow does a good job of negating such objections.…
“I don’t want to be a great female athlete. I want to be a great athlete” (unknown). Taking a look back on history, we could not possibly keep track of the number of times women were not given equal opportunity as men. It started off with rights as a whole, and then moved to voting, and even to this day we continue to battle with equal pay. Due to our biological makeup, men are key to our survival. As we have come to evolve and expand our knowledge, our past does not align with our present or even our future. Women have now moved themselves up the ladder and are making leaps and bounds just for a sense of equality. There is one roadblock that still to this day we have not been able to battle through. This is the world of sports. This is a world of blood, sweat, and no room for tears. This is an industry where it…
Before the 1970’s women had a very low chance of becoming a doctor or a lawyer just because they were women. They had a very low chance of getting into a college to even get that degree. If schools are a problem, then sports are an even bigger problem (Women’s Sport Foundation). People are thinking “Why are women treated as a lower class than men?”…
Moreover, “40 Years of Title IX by Numbers,” published by The Seattle Times illustrates the growth of female participants in high school sports in the United States. Before the passage of Title IX, 7.4% females participated in high school sports. But by 2010-11, female athlete makes up 41.4% of the participants. The passage of Title IX has increased the amount of female athletes on a high school sport by forcing schools to be equal. Popular opinion is that women do not play sports regardless if they are given the chance.…