In Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction, author Eric Foner analyzes the traditional understandings of the Reconstruction period immediately following the American Civil War. Foner begins by explaining that such traditional understandings came from white Southerners who blamed their misfortunes on greedy Northerners and inept African Americans. Rather than agreeing with such traditional understandings, Foner attempts to overthrow such beliefs by arguing in favor of African Americans. Particularly through their development of beneficial institutions, their creation of new economies, and their contributions to both local and national governments.…
The introduction of The Progressive Era and Race: Reaction and Reform, by David W. Southern, opens with his representation of the Progressive Era and the subsequent American shift from emancipation to segregation that occurred during it. The author uses social history to examine and demonstrate his subject. He argues that “the nation was in fact caught up in a powerful tide of white supremacy at home and imperialism against people of color abroad.” Southern discusses the hopes and expectations of the emancipated and subsequent generations alongside the failures of the Progressive movement. Chapter titles provide a glimpse of his discussion into the restructuring of the American social hierarchy.…
An eight-year-old African American boy sat on the floor of his church. His mother and father were talking quietly in the corner. He only heard pieces of the conversation. Things like “abolitionist” and “segregation” were repeated often. Many questions ran through his head. Questions like ‘Why do the whites have separate churches?’ And ‘Why is my dad not allowed to practice medicine?’ There were 221,000 free blacks in the sixteen Northern states in 1860. That is 4.9% of the African American population. They were called “free”, but did they really have liberty? Free people act as they wish and are unimpeded by others telling them what to do. Based on the political, social and economic rights of blacks in the North, we can conclude that they were not very free in comparison to the whites around them.…
The beckoning of the twentieth century witnessed an influx of social and political upheaval, as African Americans and other marginalized groups confronted the entrenched legacy of segregation, disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation. All across the country, the struggle for civil rights reverberated with a sense of urgency and moral imperative, as individuals and communities mobilized to demand justice and equality under the law. From this unrest, many voices in an ever-changing American political landscape made their motions of inspiration heard. Martin Luther King Jr. and Charles E. Merriam stand as notable figures, each contributing significantly to the discourse surrounding national inequality and societal transformation. Their respective…
1877 saw the end of Reconstruction in the USA with the situation of African-Americans looking to be more positive as they had just gained the right to vote in 1870 with the 15th amendment and gained equal protection under the law with the 14th but still suffered terrible amounts of discrimination in the North and the South. The ‘Black situation’ in 1900 was that the legal, social, economic and political status of blacks was inferior throughout the USA, especially in the South.…
Between 1916 and 1980 there was a significant increase in the rights of African Americans. These changes in de jure rights could be argued as revolutionary to a certain degree. To judge the success of change between 1918 and 1960 it is necessary to consider the social, political, and economic status of African Americans along with their black consciousness.…
The late 1800s and early 1900s found the United States in the midst of a dramatic shift. Not only was race-based discrimination the Consensus theory among whites, it was also legally enforced. Institutionalized racism left African Americans without citizenship, voting rights, civil liberties, and access to higher education. It also left them without justice, due process, and protection. Even though the ownership of humans had been eradicated by the 13th Amendment in 1865, the black community was in no way truly free; racial violence and black-oppression were as high as ever. As the Consensus grew darker and more menacing two major Conflict theorists, Booker T. Washington and William E. Du Bois, fought for equality from two very different angles.…
The 17th century was an important time period as the New World continued to develop into a society run by English settlers. The book, Myne Owne Ground, by Timothy Breen, focuses on the colonial history of the 1600’s. However, what is discussed in the book does not detail what was accomplished in this time period. Rather, Breen pinpoints the classes of people such as slaves, indentured servants, and free blacks; how they came to become part of those groups and when racism first started. For decades, not all blacks were slaves and servants. Some blacks were free men in the New World. That would only become a short memory, though, as the idea of being non-white turned into the biggest embarrassment in American history; slavery.…
Throughout the novice decades of the newly founded United States, the act of slavery played an essential role in aiding plantation owners cultivate and harvest fields, which was the foundation of the Southern state’s economy. The constant struggle for equality between African Americans and the white race seemed never-ending as African Americans demanded the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Luckily, in the year 1804, all Northern states voted for the abolishment of slavery. Though this impactful change was gradual, it shifted the thoughts of people to abhor the notion of enslaving another human being.…
But the realities of newly freed people in the south—who had little or no money, limited or no education and little access to it, who confronted systemic racism that impacted every area of their lives and for whom the federal government failed to provide any reparational assistance, made that promise appear extraordinarily remote. The black women who emerged from enslavement “knew that what they got wasn’t what they wanted, it wasn’t freedom, really.” (“Claiming Their…
Throughout the existence of our great nation, the ideas of what constituted freedom have been varied. This was especially true for both the Native American Indians and the Africans. Even in times as early as the 1600s, the peoples of early America could not pinpoint a solitary basis for their freedoms. With inhabitants ranging from the Native American tribes such as the Catawba and Wampanoag to settlers from Europe and England, and eventually African peoples, such ideals were different in many ways: while some centered on one’s religion, others placed bearing on ethnicity while still another was simply materialistic, valuing land ownership most of all.…
The most important chapter in this reading is when Foner talks about how freedom means different things to different people. Foner explains the two different types that people think about freedom. The first way people think of freedom is by protecting indivuals from authority. The second is to make choices freely without anyone concerned about you. This part was important because no one was use to this concept so it took time to get this in their head. As these different kinds of freedom were put into people’s heads, their revisions were spurred on by social conditions. The exclusions of freedom are central to defining who is able to enjoy it, no matter of class, race, and gender. Expanding freedom was a big part of what was going on during this time; people just couldn’t watch the news and tell what is going on. The black codes tried to restrict their freedom as long as possible. Today every man is created equal because of these standards that were set long ago.…
Cited: Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.…
In the colonial era everyone viewed America as a place of freedom and opportunity; the opportunity to make a better life for themselves and for their families. Unfortunately, the New World was not what it seemed to many groups that were arriving in the colonies. These groups did not find the liberty and equality in the economic structure that was advertised. Groups such as African-Americans and non-English immigrants were often deprived of sought-after economic opportunities and civil rights because of “British superiority”.…
Repression in American history is often just seen as the period in time in which black bodies were used as slaves. In “Political Repression in the United States” by Michael Rogin, the definition of what suppression is has been opened in a wide-ranging spectrum. Rogin uses the meaning of the word as white Americans did when under European power, how it applied to the Red individual also known as the Natives when they were founded, and then the black slaves used by the founding fathers. Rogin’s overall theme is that the founding fathers didn’t care about freedom for anyone, they just cared about land and how to acquire it; which they did using political repression. Rogin supports his claims by providing actual evidence of what actions were taken and what laws were created in order to favor a specific race. Heavily questioning the principles of what I thought was the upsurge of America, Rogin makes valid points against the foundation of the country.…