The Availability of Proper Jobs for Undergraduates of Lahore: Perceptions of Undergraduate Employment and Its Socio-Economic Impacts

The availability of proper jobs for undergraduates of Lahore; perceptions of undergraduate employment and its socio-economic impacts

Haisam Mehmood
Hiba Kamran
Muhammad A. Ghazi
Saba F. Firdousi

Lahore School of Economics
Academic Writing
Mariam Ishtiaq

Abstract

This study shall provide us with an opportunity to envisage the potential in the undergraduates of Lahore, thus bringing in limelight the factors that hinder their participation in the labour market. We shall also be able to identify social-economic perspective of this issue taking feedback from various segments of the society like students, teachers, parents and other people from the society. As a result of this identification, we aim to substantiate the viability of a model that is similar to that being undertaken in first world countries like U.S.A and U.K. The underlying purpose of the study is to bring about self-realization in undergraduates and provide them with opportunities that shall enable them to progress economically. For this purpose to materialize, we aim to analyze their reactions through conducting surveys that will provide us with decisive quantifiable data on the subject matter. Moreover, interviews will be administered for part-time employed and for undergraduates actively seeking work. The interviews will be useful in providing subjective qualitative data for further analysis.
The availability of proper jobs for undergraduates of Lahore; perceptions of undergraduate employment and its socio-economic impacts

The research shall enable us to clearly identify merits and demerits of part time work and its precise likely impact on students’ studies in a scenario where a model of part-time employment is implemented in Lahore. The feasibility of legislative measures in order to provide the undergraduates with better and flexible employment opportunities will also be discussed in our paper. The practicality of such a measure will be considered and social change required to implement this model will be discussed in detail. Our mix of research tools shall provide us with information that will help us to establish credibility of our hypothesis.
Precisely the assumption is that implementation of a model of part-time employment similar to that in U.K and U.S.A shall yield greater benefits than costs; and effective management of time can lead to socio-economic prosperity. Our research suggests that undergraduates can play a vital role in the socio-economic uplift of our country and our part-time employment model has the ability to reduce the impacts of the prevailing socio-economic crises in Lahore.

Research Questions
 How do we define employment for undergraduates in Lahore?
 What kinds of employment opportunities are available for undergraduates?
 How does these opportunities affect undergraduate at individual level?
 What is the society’s perception about the employment opportunities of Lahore?
 What is the affect on economic growth due to part – time employment of undergraduates? Methodology
The general methodology most authors have adopted on this topic was found to be equally balanced between a qualitative and a quantitative research approach. The quantitative study enabled us to analyze the adverse impact of part time work on academics. While the qualitative study enabled us to critically analyze the various affects of part-time work on the society as a whole. We were able to identify the fact that graduates prefer to stay in countries like U.S.A primarily because of availability of better employment opportunities. Hence we can conclude that for a third world country like Pakistan, it is exorbitant to not capitalize on the potential of the youth of this country.
Our study is aimed at exploring this potential and channelized it to achieve higher growth rates and a better standard of living. Our purpose is to enable the undergraduates of Lahore to utilize their time as effectively and fruitfully as possible. Apart from the financial gains, this proposal shall not only give confidence and experience to the undergraduates, but will also provide us with a chance to groom our personality with a professional view point.
We will select a sample of 40 – 50 respondents, comprising of undergraduate students, teachers and parents. In order to gather data we will carry out quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative data includes variable subjective viewpoints and opinions on a specific issue, whereas quantitative technique of research helps to gather numerical data on the subject matter. This will be done by conducting (2 – 3) interviews and filling in the questionnaires provided to the specified respondents. To analyze and evaluate this data we will use statistical softwares like Statgraphics and Stata. Expected Results

After conducting the survey and interviews, we shall be able to determine the degree of willingness in undergraduates of Lahore to work part-time. Moreover, we shall identify prevailing opportunities and analyze the possible potential opportunities that can be provided to the undergraduates of Lahore. At the same time, we expect to increase awareness in undergraduates about the merits of part-time work in an effective and efficient way. Exploring the employment opportunities for undergraduates in Lahore

The article ‘Should College Students take Part-time Jobs’ draws attention to the fact that part-time job creates much value to students. It is a source of improvement in skills and enhances ones understanding of knowledge. However, undertaking part-time jobs and studying at graduation level together requires careful management of time. It talks about part-time work experience as an essential tool for graduates to exhibit high levels of professional competence in the job market. Relating this to our scenario, students can potentially relieve economic pressure of their parents and yield financial as well as non financial benefits of part-time work. However, there is an acute shortage of opportunities for undergraduates of Lahore and finding part-time work would be a challenge for a student. Due to this shortage of opportunities, students are de-motivated, thus we are unable to achieve out true potential.
The debate is still valid on whether part-time on whether part – time work has greater benefits than costs, however, effective time management and positive attitude can enable us to achieve a rather elusive goal with greater possibility of success
Chad Moutray states in his article ‘Educational attainment, “Brain Drain”, and self-employment’ about the potential in students to indulge in part-time employment. This will allow them to economically progress due to an increase in human capital formation. Some of them look towards being an entrepreneur and this would lead to higher living standards for the economy as said by Bruce et al. (2007). The loss of talented workers in rural areas has been a major factor causing a reduction in the number of students working. They therefore migrate to urban areas for better education and employment opportunities. Wage disparities are curtailed and living conditions are improved. Also, some high achievers have a tendency to work abroad as they are encouraged by their parents, thus affecting our local employment system. This will allow them to get field experience and find further and better opportunities to work. The undergraduate students can play a very positive role in the uplift of our economy. They can increase employment, income levels and social capital.
Furthermore, in the article “Asian Education and Unemployment – The continuing crises” by “Justin M. Van Der Kroef” the relationship between the educated undergraduates and unemployment is discussed in detail. As reported by United Nation Economic and Social Council, unemployment among the undergraduates is increasing and in Asia, press reports have been referring to the bleak of what can be called the “educational unemployment”.
In China this problem is not considered to be a much bigger problem, however, in Japan, industrialization has significantly increased to an extent that the unemployment level has reduced to the minimum possible level. On the contrary, in Philippines, job opportunities are distressingly inadequate only enabling a small proportion of the graduated to find jobs according to their field of specialization and expertise. Such is the extent of crises prevalent in the graduate job market consequently; we can safely predict that undergraduates are likely to face immense difficulty in seeking part-time work. The range of jobs available for undergraduates
Asian students who transfer to U.S.A for the attainment of higher education would not be willing to return to their home countries due to lack of availability of Jobs. U.S.A provides its citizens (Undergraduates to be specific) with adequate work opportunities which enables the students to actively participate in the economy and work their way to colleges. This lack of provision of opportunities is a result of an increasing population growth rate which is not being matched with an equally proportional increase in jobs; which consequently causes a reduction in the economic growth rate which would then lead to a reduction in the per capita income. With such an increasing population growth rate, the economy would not be able to create job vacancies, thus causing unemployment in the economy. Most of the developed countries have a relatively larger labor force combined with a good amount of job vacancies available. These countries encourage their undergraduates to work so that the economy may have a larger, better and efficient labour force that can enable the country to prosper economically. The benefits of part-time work are long lasting and underestimated, as graduates with work experience will likely have a sound knowledge and understanding of practical work.
The author has gathered reports from different countries to conclude the results stated above. The data available for the research was qualitative in nature. We can conclude that countries like Pakistan should improve their education level so that the proportion of the population availing these jobs can grow and improve the country’s economic situation. In the article written by W James River, “Options for Undergraduates” the writer has discussed the employment opportunities available for undergraduates and their socio-economic aspects. Students search for new avenues as they enter for undergraduate degree programmes. With the aim of earning for themselves, students do part time jobs in the form of home tutoring and by working as Teacher Assistants in their respective universities. Besides this, some students in the U.S.A take a semester off and work full time to earn and gain practical work experience. Apart from this, it would be worthwhile to mention that such experiences add credibility to ones resume if the work experience is relevant to the field of their study and their professional career. Affects of part-time work on the academic performance of undergraduates
This article investigates the effect on students, of paid employment during the academic semester. It states that part-time work adversely affect studies. The use of unique dataset enables the researcher to quantify individual level variation in employment status and work hours to build a model which shows that term time employment has a modest negative effect on GPA. It precisely shows that an increase in work by one hour reduces GPA by about 0.007 points. The researcher uses quantitative mode of research to determine the effect of part time work on academic performance of students.
The importance of employment opportunities for undergraduates has been apprehended by the United State’s (US) policy makers in the early 1980’s when recession marked a profound impact on their labor market. “The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported an overall unemployment rate in the United States in the fourth quarter of 1982 of 10.7%. However, for young workers, age 16-19, the unemployment rate was 24.3%, …”. (National Longitudinal Survey [NLS]). Lisa M. Lynch (Feb., 1989) reckons that investment in human capital is imperative in order to attain the earnings profile of a youth worker and to add to his work experience for better job opportunities ahead. This has been also recognized by a study conducted by Ellwood (1982) for young men and Corcoran (1982) for young women using NLS as they examined the “scaring effects” of lack of work experience after immediately leaving school. Lisa M. Lynch (1989) acknowledged the key probabilities for youth to seek employment as he states “personal characteristics, unemployment income, local demand conditions, and duration dependence” can lead to re-employment prospects for young males and females.
Women’s participation in the labor market has been on a rising trend in Pakistan as investigated by the Labor Force Survey “Between 1984-85 to 1987-88 the female share in the occupational group of professionals and related workers has risen from 15.5 to 18.3 percent of the total.” However, this is only restricted to professions like teaching and medicine than other fields like engineering, banking law and white-collar jobs (managerial and clerical workers). “Although, the share of women among the clerical workers is very small at 2.9 percent it has nearly doubled in the four-year period between 1984-85 to 1987-88” (Labor Force Survey). This has shown a massive change in the employment structure in Pakistan. However, a survey of working women stated that majority of the women belonged to families where there is no trend of women employment, despite the socio-economic class. This has been seen as an adverse consequence for the overall low female unemployment rate which is not a good incentive for the youth. Besides this, many women are found to be working in home-based piece rate system as believed by Shaheed and Mumtaz (1981) and Duncan (1989). Though, there occurs to be a dire need for women from poor households to work in order to financially support their families, they are confined to their homes due to cultural restrictions, household responsibilities and low levels of education and skills. (Shahnaz Kazi & Bilquees Raza, 1991). Therefore, majority women are engaged in employment in agricultural and informal sector.
In order to provide an incentive in young women to work, career counseling has been a significant factor, awakening the true latent potential in them. A career-making study was carried out with these young women in universities and colleges for science, engineering and technology programs, unrevealing the issues for not continuing studies. As stated by Anna-Lisa, Ciccocioppo, Helen M. Madill, , Leonard L. Stewin, Margaret-Ann Armour & T. Craig Montgomerie (2004), the complications arising included educational policies, lack of financial support and gender inequality. These could be handled by career decision-making by family members, possessing educational and work experience to enrich the undergraduate experience for a better future (Anna-Lisa et. al, 2004).

Society’s take on part-time work of undergraduates
In Pakistani socio-culture setup, joint family systems have found the need for family balance among both, male and female employees which is crucial for them to support their family as well as for the economy. Female work participation has been a vital consideration here. It is seen that most of the women get married early and are given the responsibility to look after their families and other household chores. Instead of this hectic routine, they can be employed in any organization and get an opportunity to know others. Also, they can get rid of the family quarrels taking place and get their mind out of depressed family surroundings. (Muhammad Imran Malik, Muhammad Iqbal Saif, Noor Khan & Solomon Fernando Gomez, 2010). The study indicated that males support women, allowing them an incentive to indulge in job employment.
Opportunities to work internationally have been on a rising trend in today’s modern world. This a good chance for undergraduates to avail as they can earn foreign exchange, leading to better economic perspectives. Considering the United Kingdom’s (UK) economy, undergraduates are being offered social work courses and educational programs to equip them with a better living in an interdependent world. (Karen Lyons, 2006). This will persuade them to work and gain maximum experience before they step in the ‘real’ world.
“The study concerning the employment of undergraduates has found effective form through the activities of the bureau of recommendations”. (Bulletin, p.37).
“Increasing numbers of full-time undergraduates are supplementing their income by seeking paid employment during term-time”. (Angela Pickering & Catherine Wattsis, 2000). They shed light on how the academic progress is affected by part-time employment. Some students find it difficult to handle studies and work side by side as they can’t cope with the burden. On the other hand, some are able to take an initiative to gain field experience which will help them when they apply for employment after their graduation.
The demand and supply of undergraduates in the labor market is on a rise. In order to allow students take benefit of the employment opportunities available to them, the educational system in colleges should be reformed and universities should adopt a policy of providing guidance to find a job and the idea education. (YAO Yu-qun ). The reformation in the education system should be taken consideration when it comes to universities in Lahore as less burden of studies will allow undergraduate students to avail the job opportunities. This will help them to develop their career at a young age and employers will look forward to such employees in future.

Comparative Analysis of part-time Employment Opportunities
A study about term employment was carried out for undergraduates at Northumbria University which showed that the portion of students employed are usually from low income families. This is done to support their families financially. Considering this as an important factor, university students in Lahore should engage in part-time employment, whether they belong from wealthy families or not, that does not matter. “Many students see employment in term time as a means of keeping borrowing down; they also indicate employment as having a negative impact on their studies”. (Hunt A., Lincoln I. & Walker A.).
There has been an increasing emphasis on work experience while in higher education. A study in UK was carried out which focused on this aspect and found out that despite the benefits of part-time employment, there are some barriers, restricting work practices. They included: “lack of resources, organization barriers, and discrepancies between supply and demand” as sited by Harvey, Lee; Geall, Vicki; Moon, Sue; Aston, Jane; Bowes, Lindsey; Blackwell, Alison (1998, pp.107).
Here, specific mention would be made about an individual who has an experience of working part-time.
“If I can do it, you can do it too! I am writing and dedicating this page to my fellow Pakistan people, especially those of you who are jobless or are unsatisfied with their present jobs in Pakistan, primarily those of us who have house hold computer knowledge or are working or searching for jobs like internet jobs in Pakistan as they can earn more by working at home. You may distribute the link to this page freely among your friends and family, so that they may benefit from it too. This information will also help those of you, who want to start their own work at home small business on the internet from Pakistan.”

Most of the college students in countries like U.S.A. look for jobs that are part-time in nature. These students are also intimately exposed to communication sources like Internet, are able to attain information on part-time employment opportunities with relatively greater ease. The ideal part time work, then, would most preferably be work that can be undertaken easily along with studies such as work over the Internet. We are aware of the fact that the Internet is accessible from just about anywhere as long as one has a laptop in order to access the World Wide Web. Here we shall analyze and look into various possibilities for undergraduates who wish to work online. One possible and practical work for undergraduates is taking up paid consumer surveys, participating online in focus groups, or engaging in other paid market research activities that are available with various online outsourcing firms. Another possible part time work for undergraduates is secret shopping. Mystery shopping companies today normally post their openings online. Yet another field of work where undergraduates are earning good money over the Internet is through online auctions. Online auctions provide the ideal opportunity for well informed and hard working students who aim to excel in professional development and in entrepreneurship. On the contrary, websites like Paid-Work-at-Home.net has links to information on government funding. Extra grant money is transferred as scholarship than for any other purpose in developed countries. One can always find the right scholarship to pay his/her university expenses, and the need to work continuously throughout the graduation time period might not have to be done. However, such an option is not that viable in our country. Therefore, we primarily rely on personal efforts to attain money for personal or educational use.
At the same time we must also acknowledge that college students often face the challenge of coping with studies, extracurricular activities and a part-time job simultaneously. There are several options for undergraduate to earn income online. The student should keep in mind that a genuine business will not ask an individual to pay any fees or memberships in order to work. One can research the business before providing any personal information to the prospective firm such as passwords or national identify number. In addition to this, companies are offering customer service jobs from the comfort of one 's home place. While every company has different nature of requirements, most will require high-speed internet, a noise free environment, dedicated phone line and a personal computer.
One will normally select the hours at the beginning of the week and most companies have a minimum amount of hours one has to work each week. Arise, West and LiveOps are a few companies that hire agents to work out of their home however, they are options not available in Lahore to say the least. While working with Arise, West or LiveOps one will normally be providing customer service for several fortune 500 companies. Working as a customer service agent while in college is a great job because the hours are normally flexible. Western outlook of part-time employment as a model for Lahore
Having understood that, let us analyze another possibility. Freelance writing is an attractive and financially strong online job for undergraduates. Freelance writing is something a student can undertake at any time that is suitable for him/her. Working as a freelance writer enables students to explore new horizons for themselves and groom their writing skills. There are vacancies for online content writing companies, private clients and companies like Ideas Evolved® of Ziad Bashir. Undergraduates will explore that freelance writing offers a flexible and feasible way to make earn money. If a student is interested in freelance writing he/she will need a computer, high-speed internet and a good word processing software all of which is conveniently available for students of Lahore. Some of the known companies that hire freelance writers are again Ideas Evolved, Demand Studios, and Break Studios. The prospective undergraduate will be required to submit his/her resume and writing sample in order to be considered for a freelance position in the company. The most important point in our case is that these companies outsource and take up undergraduates from countries like Pakistan because primarily, these content writing companies have to pay the individuals for their work on each assignment on the basis of piece-wise defined wages. Students of Pakistan turn out to be the most cost effective and efficient option for the companies. On the contrary, due to the exchange rate difference our students also gain benefit in terms of financial gains.
Transcription work over the internet is another useful way for undergraduates to generate sound income. Transcription work is feasible and very flexible to meet the tight schedules of undergraduate students. Students aiming to work part-time will have to dedicate a fixed number of hours for the work. “Quicktate, SpeakWrite and Call Graph are companies that will hire without transcription experience.” Kristi Page (2010) Working at home is convenient for the students that aim to work part-time; making the search for part-time work over the internet a matter of keen interest to undergraduates. Working at home takes a lot of strength of mind, resolve and awareness of how to find (legitimate) online part-time work. The range for such opportunities has become so huge that it’s set off a dark side to this potentially useful source of income for teenagers and undergraduates that’s is the frauds and scams. At times, part time work outlooks lead to a situation that is filled with dangers, scams and swindlers. It is easy to be disheartened due to the prevailing situation of fraud in the call center industry as an example, feel frustration due to lack of possible opportunities and give up on the aspiration of self-sufficiency and part-time work as an undergraduate of an urban area like Lahore. However, it is next to impossible to find real Part time work that will pay these undergraduates.

“To find Internet employment opportunities, it is time to approach job searching in a whole new way. This new way includes being somewhat cynical- adopt an “I’ll believe it when I see it” mentality. Even seemingly reputable work at home job opportunities may not work out or provide real income. Search for online job listings and job boards which provide work at home opportunities in general or in a chosen field- freelance writing, for example. Finding Internet employment opportunities may not be as easy as combing job sites, however. In fact, this is only where the work begins.” KC Morgan(2009) In-depth analysis of the Western model
Some individuals disagree with undergraduates ' having part-time work as they believe that after stressful time and hard work at their repective universities or Colleges, undergraduates should spend their leisure time in taking rest. If undergraduates spend free time take pleasure in decent entertainment like playing sports and listening to music, then It might be easier to agree with the view stated earlier. On the contrary, there are no misgivings that a large number of undergraduates waste their time and money in useless activities like drinking and gambling at inns and clubs.
“ There are 63.5 % of 200 undergraduates chosen at random in 4 universities in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in 2007 reported to have an often drink in bars and clubs. It is evident that a large sum of money and amount of time are spent meaninglessly in such useless places. Moreover, undergraduates must spend a bigger sum of money for medical treatment for diseases caused by heavy drink. Why don 't they have part-time jobs to use their free time more meaningfully and wisely? Working part-time as tutors, for instance, could offer undergraduates some joyful minutes with children and a sense of happiness when bringing new knowledge to such lovely children. Having such part-time job does not only help undergraduate avoid wastes of time and money but also offer them a chance to relax, to some extent.
Quite a few people have a negative view towards having part-time jobs among undergraduates since they think that the duty of undergraduates is to study, not to earn money.” Pham Anh Duc (2011) Socio-economic development due to part time employment
First of all we need to understand the concept of economic growth, that what is it and then we will be able to understand the effects of part time employment on economic growth.
Economic growth is steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy and so a growth in the national income. Productive capacity is the amount which a country can produce by employing all of its resources present in the country. Economic growth of the country in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the monetary amount of all the goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the country in a specific time period which is usually one year. Economic growth is caused by many reasons and employment being a part of it. Most of us are confused that whether part time employment contributes in the economic growth of the country. So in this essay we will take a detailed look into it.
In Pakistan students now are willing to work part time. They have the scene of responsibility and due to a high competition among each other; they have decided to work under pressure. Earning is not the only motivate to work, students have the desire to gain experience and professionalism.
Talking particularly about the sense of responsibility, undergraduates who are part time employed are earning and are managing their own expenditures. Though they are not contributing in the household expenditures but still they have reduced some burden of the family. Now the family is not burden with their private expenditures as they are able to manage that by themselves.
These part time employed undergraduates do contributes in the economic growth of the country. As stated earlier economic growth is measured in GDP, these employed students do produce goods and services and increase the GDP. Some of those who are working in factories or some other retail store they are working part time and are producing more than the firm could produce without them. They are increasing the quantity produces and as well as the turnover. This was a broader view.
Now talking particularly about Lahore the job opportunities for undergraduates are fewer. Undergraduates are also unaware of the some opportunities available to them. Most of the opportunities available include home tuitions, jobs at call centers, sales person at a retail outlet or jobs at a fast food outlet.
Those undergraduates who are just working for their own satisfaction usually works as a teacher or works in call center, reason being their status. They feel ashamed working at retail stores or any other place. Only those opt these opportunities who are needy.
Economic Growth is not so simple to attain, there are many problems among the part time employment of undergraduates due to which to which it is not so easy to achieve economic growth.
Taking a look into these the very first problem here is gender discrimination. Most of the families do not allow females to work part time. They believe that women should not work part time; they are to stay in homes and help their mothers in household chores. Our society does not encourage women to work because they believe that they will get married and will stay as a house wife. Even the environment at jobs is not favorable for women. Management does not consider women when they are making policies at jobs, society does not pay heat to it. Yet we call ourselves modern, we are living in 21st century where there is no difference between men and women and women have to ability to participate in every field of life but still due to our society female undergraduates does not feel comfortable in working. These females can contribute a lot to economic growth of the country, they can provide their services in every field and boost the economic situation of the country but due to social issues they services are disregarded, due to these problems only a small proportion of female undergraduates are part time employed.
Next factor that is due mentioning here is the racial discrimination which is still present among the employer. There are many foreign students who have come to Lahore for their higher education. Our society does not mentally welcome these students and so do the employers as they are part of our society. Employers do not appoint these student at work due to which they are not able to prove their abilities and work. If these students are being provided with jobs they can increase the productive capacity of our country.
A very important problem which is to be considered is the jobs opportunities; there are very few jobs available for the undergraduates. Government should keep in mind the fact that the youth of the country is the most important element. If we move back 10 years there was not much awareness among the undergraduates to work, but currently the situation is totally opposite.
Undergraduates choose to work themselves; it’s more than a want than their need. They feel honored to be a part of responsible citizens of the country. They try their best to work for their country and to improve its economic situation. Currently Pakistan is facing a recession; government can provide job opportunities for these undergraduates and can uplift the economy. By uplifting the economy economic growth would take place as there be an increase in the productivity and the productive capacity would increase. Our society does not perceive undergraduates as being able to work, they believe that they are inexperienced and are at a learning stage. Undergraduates are not treated well at jobs; they are being bullied due to which most of them quit jobs.
These are some of the social issues due to which undergraduates are either not willing to work or are not provided with the opportunities to work.
So coming to conclusion economic growth is not so simple achieve, though there is positive relationship between part time employment and economic growth but for that there should part time employment in the country. To achieve this government should provide part time job facilities for undergraduates as well as a good working environment so that these students are not being bullied. Then special jobs should be provided for female students so that they can feel free to work and can provide their services to boost the economic circumstances of the country. Foreign students should be considered as a part of the economy and the employer should not discriminate them with the Pakistani students.
If these problems can be solved only then can economic growth be achieved with part time employment. Part-time jobs, a form of employment that takes fewer than 20 hours per week, have been popular among undergraduates nowadays. Malcom (2008) claims on The Times that most studies show at least a half of students work during term-time. Also, a study conducted in 126 colleges and universities in China in 2008 showed that there are 70% of 10,000 students surveyed having part-time jobs.
The popularity of having part-time jobs among undergraduates has become a hot topic to which much of public attention has been paid. People argue about its benefits as well as its drawbacks to undergraduates. Since the benefits that part-time jobs offer far exceed its drawbacks, I do believe that undergraduates should have part-time jobs. Proposed Model of Part-time Work
Society is a community of people living together and following certain rules and regulations. In Pakistan the society does not welcome the employment among the undergraduates to an extent I should be. Employment among the undergraduates of Lahore should be encouraged so that these students are motivated to work and then can serve their country and be a part of those who are working for the benefit of their country.
As stated earlier there are very less opportunities for undergraduates of Lahore to work part time, these undergraduates are willing to serve their nation but they are not being provided with the opportunities to. There are only specific jobs available to the undergraduates and when they decide to opt for them they are not given a good response.
In the current situation the most popular job among the undergraduates are the home tuitions and coaching centers. But when these undergraduates decide to carry home tuitions the society does not accept it. They believe that they do not have a proper qualification for that job or they think that they themselves are at a learning stage so they would not able to teach their children. They should accept the fact this type of employment is based on knowledge, and these undergraduates have sufficient knowledge to teach their children. They have been through this stage so they know what they have to teach in order for their students to score good grades. In coaching centers the employer does not allow them teach those students they wish for. Rather they give them students of junior level as they believe that they do not have the ability to teach those students who they wish for.
Taking about employers who offers paid internships, they do not offer them the pay scale they deserve rather they give them a low pay and the work they do is more than the amount they are earning. They are not being respected by the employers and sometimes are being bullied at work.
Another popular job for the undergraduates is the jobs available at the call centers. The employer should keep in mind that they are students can should be given some benefit but they are made to work late night and manage their studies at the same time. These undergraduates should be given a low sales target and flexible timings so that they are not being burdened. But the employer does not consider this fact. The sales targets are the same and the odd timings adversely affect the academic progress of the students. Then there is a lot of politics involved in these jobs, people of every age group are working in the call centers, they do not bear that some undergraduates are given any benefit or is given a higher rank than them. They believe that they have are more experienced than them so they should be given a higher rank and prestige in the company. They do not let these students to go ahead. This actions leads to lower the morale of the undergraduates and they sometimes quit work. Environment is one of the most important factors considered while attaining a certain type of employment. Then our society is highly against the female students who want to be part time employed. They have the opinion that they are the one who should be dealing with the household chores. But the fact is that this is the 21st century where female and males are equal. They have the same knowledge as they do and they have the same level of professionalism in them. Our society need to accept this fact that if they want to work for themselves or for our nation they should be given an equal chance. They should be respected the same way as males are being respected as they have the ability to work. The reason why most of the female student quit jobs are doing or do not opt for these jobs is the environment, our society does not give them the level of respect they should be given. They are an asset for the country and they can help our country to recover the recession currently prevailing in our country. All they require is a chance to do this. Then our society humiliates an undergraduates working at some fast food chains like pizza hut or some retail outlet of a branded store. These undergraduates are supporting their families by earning and managing their own expenditure, they should be motivated rather than being discouraged by the society. Society plays a vital role in the working so a certain phenomena, if society does not accept certain thing in a country that would not last for a long period reasons being it plays a vital role it the working of that phenomena.
Our society should welcome the employment among the undergraduates of Lahore so that they can feel free to work and serve their nation and families. Youth is said to be the most important part of the country and we are said to be the further leaders of our nations but if these leaders are being bullied and discouraged by the society they will not able to provide their services and the country would suffer a lot from it.
Employers and the society should provide the undergraduates of Lahore with the opportunities to prove themselves and should give benefits so they can feel free to work. Females should be respected and provided with every opportunity that is being provided to male students so that we can remove this discrimination among the male and female students.
In an interview from Mr. Zaid the director and co editor of the blog Ideas Evolve he stated that he wish to work in the jobs we he enjoys to work as according to him he is working just for his sake. He does not want to work because it is his need. He believes that he wants to work where he is free to work and do not have to follow certain time for working hours that is the reason he chose to work for his blog where can has the liberty to work whenever he wants to. He is basically developing his hobbies in his employment. According to his work is not affecting his commitments towards the society as he works in his leisure time. He believes that only a few people among the freshmen are provided with the paid internship and suggests that this is considered by the employers that there are many who wish to work. He stated that there are two kinds of students who are seeking employment. One who is needy and wants to support their families and one who are building their working just for their self satisfaction.
Yes money is an important factor for the employment among the undergraduates of Lahore but it is just one reason of the employment, it is not the only reason for employment among the undergraduates. The reason for stating Mr. Ziad’s point of view is that the society and the employer should keep this thing in their mind that all the undergraduates are not working for the sake of earning money. They may be working for their own satisfaction as well so the society and employers should consider this fact and the job title should be different for those whose sole motive is to earn and for those who wants to learn something out the employment. Students do have a social circle and certain commitments which should be considered by the society and employers.
In conclusion, I would suggest that the society needs to welcome and give importance to these undergraduates who are activity seeking work so that they can provide their nation with their services so that they can work for the betterment of their country.

Analysis and Findings
The questionnaire was designed with the aim of extracting qualitative data about the “Employment opportunities for Undergraduates of Lahore”. The information was collected from different universities and colleges to get the overall perception of undergraduate towards the part time employment. The sample size consisted of 25 respondents. The attractiveness of having part-time jobs has become a hot area of focus to which much of community awareness has been created. As the survey shows that 52% of the respondents aim to seek part time employment . Moreover, the modernization has completely transformed people 's perception. In the contemporary civilization, both men and women equally, are aim oriented and wish to work for themselves.
Several additional individuals hold the view that captivating part-time jobs should be barred among the undergraduates since taking part-time jobs results in a weak and inefficient academic output at universities, colleges and schools. On the other hand, this is not always the justification. In the article of "Learning and earning: Working in College", Orszag & Whitmore (2001) state that
“…students who work fewer than 10 hours per week have slightly higher GPAs than those who do not. Moreover, the survey shows that the majority of students manage to study and work both at same time. As 44% respondents are neutral to the statement that it is good for students to work and study together where as 36% respondents merely agree with the statement. 12% respondents strongly agree and 8% of them disagree that students are unable to manage both work successfully at the same time. It is important to consider that neither respondent strongly disagree with the statement which reflects the students potential and capabilities towards work and studies. In addition, many undergraduates are able to improve their grades at school thanks to valuable experiences gained from part-time jobs…” Pham Anh Duc (2011)

As we have discussed the gains an individual can achieve by having part time employment. There are many opportunities being provided to undergraduates of Lahore but they should make wise decisions while opting for part time work. As our research shows that part time work does affect the studies hence some parents does not allow their child to do part time work. But, some parents are in favor of part time work as it provides wide exposure to their child. Moreover, student feels more confident and become independent.
Besides this, the main goal for students is to achieve good grades in their studies and it is one of the primary focuses at undergraduate level. Moreover, there should be better utilization of resources so that students can benefit from the part time jobs and it might also help the undergraduates as they peruse in the professional career.
Time is considered to be most important in our lives hence some people are of opinion that the undergraduates should be discouraged from the part time jobs as students lose focus if they perform two tasks at the same time. Moreover, students are unable to manage time therefore it is better that achieve good grades.
Working in a job for twenty years may not be satisfactory which a highly creative job and demanding job can offer in a period of ten years. Everyone has some aims about their future lives and they have to work hard to achieve their goals. Time is said to precious, better utilization can help us to build our way to success and a bright future. According to my point of view parents should motivate their children to work hard and should focus on achieving good grades.
As it said that time is money; parents should not encourage their children to work part time or for weekend jobs because every kind of work requires time, focus and most important your caliber towards that work, it takes a lot of energy of students which they can use that time in enhancing the knowledge and intelligence. The exclusive aim of these students should be to achieve good grades and to complete their degree.
Future more I think that students who start working at an early age get self dependant and their parents lose control on them. Early awareness of money sometimes becomes the major cause of diverging the attention and focus of students of their studies. Students who are dependent on their parent money do not even take approval from their parents for what they want to do. They are immature at this age and sometimes they involve themselves into thing which destroys their lives.
There is a saying “sailing in two boats will take you no where” so we should be doing that thing which is suitable at that particular stage. So undergraduates should be focusing on getting good grades so that they can get into good universities for their masters and higher education.
To conclude I would say that undergraduates have their whole life to prove their skills regarding particular job title, earn money from a certain job to become self dependant rather than being dependant on their parent’s money. They should have higher thinking in life and should be focused toward their studies so that they can achieve there aims
As once said by Abraham Lincon and I quote that “It not the number of years which is counted, it is the life you had in years will be counted" so to have a secure future undergraduates should value time and their energy so that they can focus on their studies and can get job with a good pay scale in future

Feasibility Study
To gather qualitative data we have conducted a specially designed questionnaire to assess the students’ and overall society’s perception about the employment opportunities of undergraduates of Lahore. The questionnaires were administered directly under the supervision of the authors. They were filled from various universities and colleges within the age group of 19-25 years of age. Majority of the questionnaires were conducted in Lahore School of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Forman Christian College, Lahore Grammar School and The City School Lahore. The sample consisted of twenty-five respondents. The survey conducted on weather students prefer working part time or not showed rather moderate results. In Figure 1, 52% of the respondents exhibited keen interest in part-time employment. This identification of moderate interest in part-time employment amongst the undergraduates shows that though significant, but there is a not as much of change in the attitude of the undergraduates on taking up part time work alongside graduation.
Figure 1
13 out of 25 respondents demonstrated a need to work part-time. Besides this, many people are of the opinion that working part time adversely affects the individual performance at school. The grades are unfavorably affected as students are unable to manage their time and routine in a synchronized manner. Moreover, the survey shows that the majority of students manage to study and work both at same time. In Figure 2, 44% respondents are neutral on the statement that it is good for students to work and study together where as 36% respondents merely agree with the statement. 12% respondents strongly agree and 8% of the respondents disagreed that students are not capable to manage both things successfully at the same time. Figure 2
In comparison, the western students are able to manage and perform all the tasks at the same time as they nourish the youth in a competitive atmosphere. As the students of the West approach 18 years of age, they become self -dependent. It is important to consider that neither respondent strongly disagree with the statement which reflects the students potential and capabilities towards work and studies. Our government should provide immense opportunities that students can easily approach them and help to uplift the overall economic depression from the country. The survey shows that many students are working as tutors on hourly basis which helps them to refresh their knowledge. Moreover, it further enhances their thinking skills because teaching someone else broadens the horizon as every individual has different way of thinking and analytical approach. Despite this, working as tutor has a positive impact on studies as it strengthens the basic knowledge which is key to learn difficult problems. Moreover, it leads to self organization and provides time management in hectic student life. But, there are major drawbacks of working part time. Mostly students are highly pressurized from their school work and if they work along with their studies then their academic performance will be affected. Because if a student get exhausted after working part time then they unable to do the class assignments and projects. Moreover, the health of students also gets affected as they suffer from mental stress which reduces their energies to give their best work. So government should provide such job opportunities which require less time and exertion of students. Figure 3
In Figure 3, 20 respondents out of 25 shared their same point of view that it is easy for an undergraduate to seek part time employment. It shows that most of the undergraduates of Lahore are working as part time employees at different sectors. Moreover, 20 years and above is the age period where youngsters are full of zeal and active that they always challenge themselves to grow up. This is probably the reason as to why many students now prefer to have a part time job. Furthermore, the rising trend to become independent has derived the undergraduates to fetch for the part time jobs. It is to some extent easy for undergraduates of Lahore to get jobs due to wide geographical boundary and high level of investment has been taken in this region due to better infrastructure and transportation system. Figure 4
Part-time jobs, a form of employment that takes fewer than 20 hours per week, have been popular among undergraduates nowadays. As the survey shows that 12 respondents out of 25 are ready to spent their spare 20 hours per week if provided with part time work.
In Figure 4, 28% of the respondents want to work for 40-60 hours per week. It shows that some undergraduates have enough free time to work and earn a good amount of income. 72% of the respondents were of opinion that part time work greatly affect studies but if we make a comparison between its advantages and benefits towards student then it out weight the mere fact that it greatly affect studies. Besides this, some students of Lahore only study twice or thrice a week in a college or university rest of the time they are free. That is the reason some individuals are willing to work for more than 40 hours per work. But, unfortunately such students are deprived of the jobs hence they waste their valuable time in the leisure activities.

Figure 5 In Figure 5, 40% of the respondents agree to work at places like Hardees, Subway, McDonalds, and Pizza Hut etc to earn money. Apart from this, 20% respondents are reluctant to work at such places. It shows the society perception who still consider to work at such place as social disgrace. Majority of the students agree to the statement that there should be provincial level legislation in order to support and develop part time employment for students.
Moreover in Figure 6, the survey statistics shows that 96% of the respondents strongly agree with the above mentioned statement. But, still our society raised eyebrows when an individual tells that he is working in food restaurants. The major problem is the status symbol because individuals from high class never aim to work in such places which further demoralize all those students who belong from the above middle class as they also have to survive in the materialistic world. There is ever ending competition between the individuals who want to attain the fame and money in fraction of seconds. But such goals are achieved slowly and gradually with patience and hard work. So working in such places should not be considered as a shameful act because to accomplish your targets a small effort has to be made to bring out the overall change in society. In fact, our survey also shows that if such places offer handsome salary and reasonable working hours then the undergraduates of Lahore are willing to work. Besides this, it is another best way to remove the gender discrimination and have better way to interact with different people. It is gate way to socialize and bridge the gap between male and female employment.
In Figure 9, 80% of the respondents say that they are never tried of looking for part time jobs. Its shows most students are not interested to find jobs themselves.
The survey shows that undergraduates of Lahore are willing to work but it is important to provide them with large scale opportunities so that they can easily work. Moreover, if they are provided with work which they can do online or at home would be more helpful and accessible to many individuals especially females. It will not only boost up the morale of a person but it will also provide exposure to individual. The individuals would be more experienced till they complete their undergraduate degrees and it will further help in professional careers. As it would provide sense of direction towards their target and all they would be well aware of their weak points so they can overcome their problems before hand. It would definitely have a very positive change in our society as individual learn the basic moral and ethical values by dealing and working at different places. Moreover, students would also know about the marketing traits and how to handle the customers, head of the department and staff members. It would improve the economic growth of our country and we have the potential to become a developed state.
To conclude, government should take effective steps towards part time employment to provide all individuals with different job perspective. Moreover, an awareness campaigns should be initiated which helps to further encourage all those individual who are reluctant to work. As the students of undergraduates have fresh knowledge and high potential to bring a revolutionary change in our society which have a positive long term effects. Analysis of Primary Research
A qualitative research was conducted in the form of interview from Ms. Farwa Bhatti (student of LSE) who is working as a part time employee with some organization and as Teacher’s Assistant in Lahore School of Economics. Our main focus of the research was to evaluate the society perception on employment opportunities for undergraduates of Lahore. According to Miss Farwa there not sufficient part time jobs available to accommodate the undergraduates. She initially joined the call center industry because of the flexible night timings but unfortunately there are very few organizations that provide such a job description. She worked as customer service representative and her tasks included answering the customers’ phone calls and resolving their issues in such a manner that it is convincing so that the desired level of customer satisfaction is achieved.
Besides this, to analyze the society’s perception about the job opportunities in fast food industry, we asked the interviewee her own views considering herself in a hypothetical situation where she works in the aforementioned industry. According to her the major factor that restricts her from doing such jobs are the society as she thought that the society response was very cold and inappropriate if she tells someone about her job description and timings in the call center industry. In comparison, if she says that she works as a waitress or as a cashier in fast food restaurants then people would react in a strange but positive manner.
The dilemma here is that there are not many time-flexible jobs in this industry for undergraduates of Lahore. Actually, the mind frame of our nation; particularly to such jobs is very restrictive as every individual from high middle class would consider it as an insult. Ideally, any job which can return better financial rewards should be under consideration. Hence, there is a dire need to increase awareness amongst the Pakistani students to eradicate such a collective stance and adopt an economically progressive and beneficial attitude on this issue.
Moreover, part time work should not be considered as matter of prestige and problem of self esteem. Western societies that are developed right now have all experienced a positive change in their economy because of a greater labour participation with a mix of positive progressive attitude. In fact, all Pakistanis who go abroad for undergraduate studies do opt for such jobs to meet with their expenses. On the contrary, in Pakistan we consider it to be a niche idea. To improve the individual perception on it and enable our students to work part time we need to create awareness and opportunities for the undergraduates. If undergraduates start earning, it would definitely improve the economic situation as well as the standard of living.
Apart from this, Miss Farwa shared another valuable opinion on improvement of part time employment system. She stated that firms of tertiary sector should explore new horizons of work and look for outsource work that can be done by students from their homes. This could be done by adopting the U.S.A and U.K part time employment pattern and models as they are effective in nature. Undergraduates have up-to-date and sound knowledge of their field of work and an analytical mind to overcome professional problems with a dynamic and modern approach to information handling. In addition, it will hone the skills and abilities of students, thus they might not require the induction training on jobs as they are likely to be relatively more mobile and adaptable to the rapidly changing conditions of the world, which would in return save time and produce better outcome for our next generations.
It is not at all easy to manage studies along with part time work as evident from the real life example of Miss Farwa. Her grades were inversely affected in her high school as stated by her. Pakistan’s education system is designed in such a way that the level of difficulty keeps on getting harder and complex as one progresses towards university. On the contrary, western economy is improving at such a rapid pace because they are utilizing the talent of their youth. If those individuals can cope with two difficult tasks i.e. studies along with apart-time work then we can also make this rather elusive target achievable. It requires determination and focus towards the targeted aims and goals. Moreover, it is indeed difficult to manage but depends on the nature of job and an individual potential.
There are long term affect of part time work on a person. According to Miss Farwa, she can proudly assure that despite the disadvantages of part time work her work experience has groomed her overall personality. It improved her communication skills which enhanced the confidence level. Part time employment makes an individual responsible and sensible which enables him/her to tackle the day to day problems of life in a mature and sensible manner. One can feel and rightly identify the mental change in oneself as the personality of a person develops in a very positive way due to the attainment of exposure which leads to a sense of direction. It has a very positive effect on a student’s resume but at the cost of studies if not managed appropriately.
However, if an individual can divide the time in an appropriate manner then he/she could accurately exploit the true potential of his/her talent. Moreover, it provides one with the opportunity to interact with new people and build professional relations that is very useful for future.
To conclude, Miss Farwa was of the opinion that the nature of the job is the most vital element in determining whether working part time is worthwhile. Moreover, she recommended not working in call centers as it requires a high degree of time commitment which is not feasible given the limitation of time that arises because of studies. She suggested seeking and exploiting opportunities that enable one to work at home as it is easy and convenient. The government should also aim to provide such job opportunities to the undergraduates of Lahore. To further collect the qualitative data we have conducted another interview from Mr. Ziad Bashir who is currently the Director and Co-Editor of an online official website namely Ideas evolved and completing his Bachelor’s degree in media studies from Lahore School of Economics . This website was established back in 2010. Basically, it aims to provide the news update from the entire world especially the important issues related to Pakistan. Every individual has access to this website and has freedom to share their opinions and views on different topics under discussion.
Moreover, Mr. Ziad is very specific to the part time jobs as he chose this field as part time work as it provides him job satisfaction, pleasure and requires less working hours. Furthermore, he can work at university as well as at home which he considers to major benefit. He was given with many other job opportunities such as home tutoring and to work as a debating coach in a school but he refused the offer on grounds of strict time commitments because he feels that studies are adversely affected if you work at such places which requires certain time limit. To some extent he has a valid point because undergraduates are over loaded with work assignments and projects because of which they are unable to manage time properly. Students lose focus from their studies if they have other restrictive part time job commitments.
Furthermore, all the undergraduates requires time to relax and some time to socialize with friends and family but jobs which require particular working hours refrain the student from involving in all such activities. In addition, every individual has different approach towards life hence one should peruse such a path in which he is comfortable. Besides this, he is unwilling to work at places like Hardees and McDonalds not because of the social factor but due to the working hours. According to Mr. Ziad his ideal job is one which gives him job satisfaction and which do not stop him from his current activities because every individual has own perspective towards life. He wants to spend time along with the family and at the same time he is working and earning good amount of money. There are several opportunities for freshmen hence they should avail each and every jobs. Moreover, most of the universities have introduced Teachers Assistant program which is an easy way for students to earn at their campus and it requires less efforts.

Conclusion
The undergraduates of Lahore are given many options to work part time and earn money. As the survey shows it offer students handsome amount of salary along with the working experience. Moreover, an individual can learn better by practically performing the tasks as it is easy to grab the required knowledge. It is also beneficial in studies to work part time because student learns to manage time in an effective manner.
Besides this, the qualitative data shows that it is difficult to deal with part time work along with the studies because it badly affects the overall academic performance of the student. As for undergraduate the main priority is to achieve good grades because their degree holds future. But, some students have the potential to cope with both of the work at the same time.
On the other hand, if undergraduates are being provided with part time work opportunities they are likely to become independent and enjoy their personal freedom. Since we live in third world country there is dire need to strengthen the economy to remove the current depression from the private as well as public sector. In many families only one person is earning where as the rest of the family members are not working and completely dependent on him to meet up with basic necessities of life.
Therefore, by working part time undergraduates can at least be able to cover their tuition charges which would lessen the burden on parents. Working part time would provide self satisfaction to the students along with the secure future. Moreover, parents are also glad as their child works and earn money to cover up their basic needs.
Besides this, our research shows that there are several opportunities available for undergraduates to work part time. The most common part time work prevalent in Lahore is home tutoring by the undergraduates due to the accommodating working hours for every individual. The majority of female undergraduates go for such jobs as it is less tiring and convenient as you can provide tutoring service at your home or either in nearby locality. Our qualitative analysis also shows that many undergraduate are prone to work at call centers but it was not recommended by the interviewee due to her own experience as it produces undesirable academic result which is the backbone of the student resume.
Hence other opportunities should be given due importance such as content writing because it is helpful for every student in professional field. Indeed it gives a wider look at the different topics under discussion and improves the writing skills. Furthermore, undergraduates are unenthusiastic to do content writing because some individuals think it is boring but it keeps you in touch with the current affairs of the country. In addition, to the above mentioned part time work the individuals who are getting degree in economics and finance could also work in Lahore Stock Exchange because they can do online trading of the transactions on daily basis. These jobs require fewer amounts of investment but it can give high rate of profits in short span of time but it depend on the analytical skills of individual as it requires sensible decision making. Moreover, students would become more proficient as it requires quick decision making due to this factor undergraduates can effectively deal with their difficulties. But, this job has certain drawbacks which includes the loss of money as the market value of the share goes down due to the economy instability. On the other hand, it provides share premium to all the shareholders of the company but this job is risky so undergraduates do not welcome such jobs as they want to earn fixed amount of money.
Moreover, students who are attaining degree in fashion should work for the designers as it would help them in their studies. Furthermore, undergraduates with good speaking skills should join the media industry as they can work on radio stations as radio jockey it provides good platform to those undergraduates who want to pursue their career in the respective field. In fact it also has the flexible working hours.
Apart from this, an interview was conducted by the Director and Editor of Ideas Evolved who shared his view with regard to part time work being provided to undergraduates of Lahore. He is also an undergraduate and working online for a website which primarily focus and covers the news feed related to Pakistan economy.
He opted for this job as it gives him high level of satisfaction as he cannot restrict himself to typical jobs prevalent in the market. Moreover, another interview was carried out by the undergraduate but she is working as part time employee from past three years. Her nature of job is different but she is also working at her home and visits the office once a week.
According to her point of view students who have the potential to work and manage studies should definitely opt for part time work otherwise they should quit them. But she thinks if the western students can work and manage their tasks both at the same time then we can also bring about a positive change in our society if every undergraduate feels its compulsory to work part time and earn money. It has enormous long term benefits for our country along with the undergraduates.
Despite having the potential most of the undergraduates are unable to find jobs as the Government of Pakistan has not taken effective steps to provide more job opportunities in the market. Hence legislative should focus to remove this problem as it is the solution to many major issues of our country.
Moreover, job opportunities should be provided so that students can better excel in their respective fields. Our research also shows students who are deprived from the higher education is due to lack of resources because they are unluckily to get jobs and have less amount of money to cover their tutorial charges. Due to the trough in our economy the purchasing power parity has reduced which in return leads to job redundancies hence government should exploit the scarce resources in a useful manner so to provide employment opportunities.
Moreover, the overall society perception with regard to part time work also needs to be changed as the elite class can afford their child expenses but a student who belongs from middle class face difficulty to meet with their living expenses so there is ultimate need of part time jobs in our country.
In addition, the branded retail outlets and shopping malls are being constructed in the vicinity of Lahore so the undergraduate have the option to work in such places as they provide students with friendly environment and good amount of salary. But, our society still raised their eyebrows if undergraduates join such jobs whereas the students who go abroad from Pakistan for higher studies opt for such jobs and do not feel ashamed as most of the undergraduate in first world countries do such jobs.
Due to the accessible timings which hardly affects their studies and they work on hourly basis such wage rate system should also be introduced in our country. As it is more attractive work for undergraduates. It helps to bridge the communication barrier for all those students who lack confidence in them. It leads to better managerial expertise at work and universities.
To conclude the entire qualitative research in form of questionnaires and interviews there is need for part time work for undergraduates as the statistics shows that they are willing and able to work to become independent. Hence, government and the high authorities should take effective steps to resolve the matter as students of Lahore aims to work but unable to find jobs. Moreover, the overall perception would be changed if all undergraduates keeps the social factor aside from their jobs and join the fast food chains and such places to bring a change in our society. References
Kroef, J. M. (1963). Asian Education and Unemployment: The Continuing Crisis. Comparative Education Review, Vol. 7, No. 2 , pp. 173-180.
HYPERLINK "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1186242"

Moutray, C. (n.d.). Educational Attainment, "Brain Drain," and Self-employment.

Rivers, J. W. (1997). Options for Undergraduates. Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol.25, No. 1, International Issues and Perspective in Wildlife management , pp.202- 203. HYPERLINK "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3783311"

Appendix
Appendix A

Interview Questions
Q1) Do you wish to work part-time ;( Yes/No), state the reason?
Q2) How long have you been working as a part – time worker. Please share your experiences?
Q3) What are the work options that you have come across?
Q4) What would be an ideal job for you?
Q5) If given the option, will you work on hourly basis in a place like McDonalds?
Q6) What is your suggestion on the improvement of part-time employment scenario?
Q7) What do you think is the reason why undergraduates work or do not work part-time?
Q8) What are the advantages and disadvantages of part-time work?
Q9) Is it easy to manage studies with work?
Q10) What would be the long term affect of part-time work on a person?
Appendix B http://lahore.locanto.com.pk/ID_114127433/Female-Content-Writer-Required-Freelance.html Female Content Writer Job specification
Female Content Writer required in Lahore as Freelance (Home Base) Part Time. The candidate must be good in English and familiar to internet and MS Word.
*Note: Candidate should be able to content write (re-write) on different topics like fashion, News, Celebrities, and Business etc for websites.
Experience: No Experience Required
Salary: Rs.5000 to Rs.6000
Contact Person: Mr. Hashim
Cell #: 0300-4495023
Email: [e-mail]
This is a part-time job. yes -- OK for recruiters to contact this job poster. yes -- Phone calls about this job are ok. yes -- Reposting this message elsewhere is OK. Appendix C
Interview with Ziad Bashir
Asad: Aoa, today we have Mr. Ziad with us who is the director and co editor of Ideas Evolve. Welcome to the interview Mr. Ziad, the reason he is with us is so that he can share his experience with us about part time employment as he is currently self employed. We will begin the interview by asking that do you wish to work part time? State the reason.

Ziad: Ahhh I m very specific when it comes to work part time, as in my particular case there is no absolute necessity to work. So I choose to work part time provided that I do not compromise on my freedom. So in my specific case that is why I basically employed myself, and I started working on my hobby, and I m trying to make that into a reliable source. I have started this company ideas evolve, it is a website and we are trying to expand it. This type of employment is acceptable to me as but not some specific jobs. I do not want to commit myself to such places.

Asad: How long have you been working as a part time worker? Please share your experience?

Ziad: I started this at the end of my A levels and that less than a year now. I am spending my 2 hrs; the thing is that it is giving me a complete freedom of spending it to when I want to all I need to have is a laptop and an internet connection. Asad: What are the work options that you have come across?

Ziad: I came across many options, which includes teaching which most of the students are opting for these days. I was also offered the job of debating coach in my school, but I couldn’t take it as I have stated earlier that I prefer liberty of work rather than sticking to particular work hours. And the last option I was been offered was of a paid internship at a news paper and I declined that as well. So I started my own work at my hobbies.

Asad: What would be an ideal job for you?

Ziad: an Ideal job for me would be where I actually enjoy myself and I do not have to cut on my existing activity to do that job. I want to be free so basically that would be ideal for me.

Asad: If given the option, will you work on hourly basis in a place like McDonalds?

Ziad: No definitely not, I don’t have anything against serving people as requires commitment and a lot of patience. So again in my case I won’t opt it as I would require me to compromise on my working.

Asad: What is your suggestion on the improvement of part time employment scenario?

Ziad: I believe in this country we don’t have many options at all. I was lucky to get these paid internships as freshmen are not offered such internships. We need to have those opportunities that do not require us to compromise on our studies, because studies are your primary motive. You get employed to assist your family. Everyone can be a part of it. First the company plus the students and collages should need to work on it. This is one the ways we can do to improve the employment scenario.

Asad: What do you think is the reason why undergraduates work or do not work part time?
Ziad; one is obviously the necessity, one work to support its family, another could be pride. One may not need to work but you are working to assist your family and last could be that you would like to have some cash in your pocket.

Asad: thank you Mr. Ziad for your precious time. Appendix D
Interview with Farwa Shafiq Bhatti
Haisam: Have you been working as a part time worker?

Farwa: I started the job in 2007. I worked as full time employee in the call center for about one year then I switched to part time employee. Then I dropped working after 2 years and after a break I am once again working as a part time employee.

Haisam: What are the work options that you have came across?

Farwa: Once you are studying then not many options are available in Pakistan. Initially, I joined the call center where you can work at night like 7 pm-5 am. There are not many organizations that provide such timings. In call center I worked as customer service representative and my tasks include answering the phone calls and resolving the customer problems. Now, I work at my own place and go to office once a week. My current job description includes answering the campaign customers through emails. I have to assure that their problem will be resolved.

Haisam: What would be an ideal job for you? If given the option , will you work on hourly basis in places like McDonalds?

Farwa: If given option, I might work but there is society factor involved as I quote an example that if I tell someone that I work in call center at night people would raise eyebrows and ask that how do I manage but if I say I work as waitress or as cashier in Hardees or any such place the people of our society will react as if I have gone mad.
Haisam: What is your suggestion on the improvement of part-time work?

Farwa: If we adapt model of part time employment similar to that in USA and UK then it would be helpful. For students like us time is the basic problem hence some special adjustments should be made for those students who are really willing to work so as to promote part time employment. Rather than government, private organizations should play an important role to improve the situation and to provide opportunities at wider scale.

Haisam: Is it is easy to manage studies with work?

Farwa: I started my work when I was in A Levels but my grades were badly affected. Basically, it depend where you are working and the potential of students. If the western students can manage both things together then Eastern students can also work. But, Pakistan education system is designed in such manner that from the secondary school level there is extreme burden on students which keep on rising as move towards higher classes. Moreover, to say least it is difficult to manage but it depends on the nature of job.

Haisam: What would be the long term affect of part-time work on a person?

Farwa: If, I look at myself late in 2006-2007. I did improve my potentials. But, you need a platform. I can say proudly that my working experience has groomed me as a person. It improves your communication skills and provide job experience which boost up the confidence level. Appendix E
Questionnaire

1. Do you aim to seek part time employment?
a. Yes
b. No

2. To what extent do you agree/disagree that it is good for students to work and study together?
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree

3. According to your point of view, is it easy for an undergraduate to seek part time employment?
a. Yes
b. No

4. If provided with employment opportunities, how much time can you spare for work per week?
________________________

5. Would part time work affect studies?
a. Yes
b. No

6. Is it practically impossible to provide undergraduates employment opportunities?
a. Yes
b. No

7. Would you agree to work at places like Hardee’s, Mc Donalds, Subway, Pizza hut, etc for a reasonable pay?
a. Yes
b. Maybe
c. No

8. Should there be provincial level legislation in order to support and develop part time employment for students?
a. Yes
b. No 9. Are there jobs available in Lahore that students can undertake along with their studies?
Many Few Very Few None 10. If given the option of part time work, what would you wish to do? Please specify the (profession) work.
_____________________________

11. Have you ever tried looking for part time work?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, what opportunities did you come across? Please specify.
If no, briefly explain why not?
____________________________________________________________

________
12. Have you ever heard of any employment opportunities besides those listed below:
a. private tuitions
b. Call centres (TSR/CSR)
c. Content writing for the print/electronic media

13. If you are employed, please specify the profession or work?

___________________________

14. Would it be beneficial to allow a greater youth participation in labor market of Lahore?
Extremely Beneficial Beneficial Somewhat Beneficial Not Very Beneficial Not Beneficial At All

Appendix F

Decoding Sheet of Questionnaires

Aim to seek part time employment good for students to work together
1 1
2 3
1 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
1 2
2 3
2 4
1 2
1 2
2 3
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 3
2 4
2 3
1 1
1 3
2 3
1 2
2 3
1 1
2 2

easy to seek part time employment work per week affect studies
2 2days 2
2 a day or two 1
2 3 1
2 4 1
2 1 hour 1
2 N.A 1
2 6-7 hours 2
2 1 2
2 2 days 1
2 3hrs daily 1
1 4 hrs 1
2 8 hrs 1
1 3days 1
2 5 hours a day 1
2 2 days 1
2 40 hrs 1
1 20 hrs 1
2 20 hrs 1
2 20 hrs 2
1 4-8 hrs 2
2 20 hrs 1
2 4 hrs 1
2 72 hrs 2
2 20 hrs 1
2 16 hrs 2

employment opportunities reasonable pay provincial level legislation
2 2 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 3 1
2 2 1
1 1 1
2 3 1
2 3 1
2 2 1
2 1 1
2 2 1
2 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
2 2 2
2 2 1
2 1 1
2 2 1
2 1 1
2 1 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
2 2 1

jobs available in Lahore where do you wish to work tried looking for part time work
1 event management 2
1 may b automobile industry 2
1 TA 1
2 not work 2
1 teaching 2
2 tennis 2
2 yes any profession 1
2 no 2
2 banker 2
1 don’t know 2
1 TA 2
2 TA 2
1 sales marketing 2
1 management marketing sale 2
2 teaching 1
2 not work 2
1 RJ 2
2 HRM 2
1 teaching 2
1 article writing 1
1 manager 2
2 manager 1
2 N.A 2
1 call centre 2
2 teaching 2

heard of employment opportunities employed then specify
5 o
2 0
5 0
5 0
2 0
5 0
1 0
5 0
5 0
5 0
5 0
5 0
2 CFO
5 0
4 photography teacher
5 0
5 bar tender
5 0
5 bank
1 teaching
1 financial analysis
5 0
5 0
2 0
4 0

beneficial to allow youth participation
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
2
2

Tables and Figures

Figure 6

Figure 8

Figure 9

References: Kroef, J. M. (1963). Asian Education and Unemployment: The Continuing Crisis. Comparative Education Review, Vol Rivers, J. W. (1997). Options for Undergraduates. Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol.25, No