The General Timeline for the Evolution of the Earth
know the elements of life – and how the reduction and oxidative of some of these drive bioenergetics oxidize carbon (i.e. glucose source) and reduce oxygen (electron acceptor) (CHNOPS) and iron (Fe; trace element; Fe also important to obtain cellular energy).
Nutrition: CHNOPS
Trace Elements: Iron (Fe), Ni, Mg, Mo, Mn, Ca (important in humans due to osteoblastic activity), Co
Occupancy: beat out others for a spot to live, e.g. microbiota (normal flora)
Resistance: defend against microbes, eukaryotes and anything taking over your niche; biofilms can contribute to resistance towards antibiotics or antiseptics Energy can be derived from reductive and/or oxidative chemical reactions in the cytosol (substrate phosphorylation) or membrane gradient (oxidative phosphorylation). For example, NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+.
NAD, a cofactor for dehydrogenases, reductases, and hydroxyalses that carries protons and electrons, is reduced to NADH, an oxidative cofactor used by eukaryotes. NADH is used in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. LEO says GER. Lose electrons oxidation, Gain electron reduction. Know the general time line for biology and evolution on the Earth; What major events altered evolution especially in terms of microbially driven changes
4.5 billion years- formation of Earth
4 billion yrs- life begins
3.5 billion yrs- photosynthetic prokaryotes (non oxygenic); synthesis of amino acids originated
2.8 billion yrs- photosynthetic cyanobacteria (oxygenic)
2.4 billion yrs- aerobic bacteria
2 billion yrs- unicellular eukaryotes
.8 billion yrs- multicellular eukaryotes
.5 billion yrs- plants and animals
Carl Woese – what did he contribute? What kind of biological molecules are best to generate phylogenetic trees, and why? How does this compare to enzymes?
In 1950-60’s: Carl Woese in illinois was studying archaea bacteria, methanogens from cow. He
Nutrition: CHNOPS
Trace Elements: Iron (Fe), Ni, Mg, Mo, Mn, Ca (important in humans due to osteoblastic activity), Co
Occupancy: beat out others for a spot to live, e.g. microbiota (normal flora)
Resistance: defend against microbes, eukaryotes and anything taking over your niche; biofilms can contribute to resistance towards antibiotics or antiseptics Energy can be derived from reductive and/or oxidative chemical reactions in the cytosol (substrate phosphorylation) or membrane gradient (oxidative phosphorylation). For example, NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+.
NAD, a cofactor for dehydrogenases, reductases, and hydroxyalses that carries protons and electrons, is reduced to NADH, an oxidative cofactor used by eukaryotes. NADH is used in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. LEO says GER. Lose electrons oxidation, Gain electron reduction. Know the general time line for biology and evolution on the Earth; What major events altered evolution especially in terms of microbially driven changes
4.5 billion years- formation of Earth
4 billion yrs- life begins
3.5 billion yrs- photosynthetic prokaryotes (non oxygenic); synthesis of amino acids originated
2.8 billion yrs- photosynthetic cyanobacteria (oxygenic)
2.4 billion yrs- aerobic bacteria
2 billion yrs- unicellular eukaryotes
.8 billion yrs- multicellular eukaryotes
.5 billion yrs- plants and animals
Carl Woese – what did he contribute? What kind of biological molecules are best to generate phylogenetic trees, and why? How does this compare to enzymes?
In 1950-60’s: Carl Woese in illinois was studying archaea bacteria, methanogens from cow. He