The Impact Of The Toxic Triangle Theory In The Philippines

In 1972, the Philippines was ruled under a Martial Law by President Ferdinand Marcos because of a threat of armed communist insurgency, among other reasons (“Proclamation,” n.d.). This phenomenon made a big impact in the Philippines. Some of its effects are constitution manipulation, reduction of crime which led to human rights violation, stability of the economy, and cut off of mass media and communication (Frivaldo & Orozco, 2014). Despite this, in the recent years, the Marcos family still holds position in the government. Imelda Marcos, the wife of the late President Ferdinand Marcos, is the congresswoman of the second district of Ilocos Norte (“House,” n.d.). Imee Marcos, the daughter of said late president, was elected as governor of the
In a country with a collectivist culture like the Philippines, people are more susceptible to forming mobs or cults since they define themselves in terms of their relationship with others and in ways that the group can protect them, in exchange for loyalty and compliance (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmeier, 2002). According to a study by Gentile (2006), the decisions of people in this kind of culture are made based on the approval of other people towards their behavior. In the same way, they have a high regard for a role model for their behaviors (Gentile,
The term loyalist is conceptually defined as a person who remains loyal to a political cause or party (Merriam-Webster Online, n.d.). According to Hildreth, Gino, & Bazerman (2016), this loyalty may foster either ethical behavior or corruption. In their study, they found that members who are more loyal or are primed to be more loyal do less harm than their counterparts due to greater ethical salience. However, when competition was taken into account, individuals who were more loyal did more harm than their counterparts (Hildreth et al,