A figure of speech is which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it. As in 'hired hand', 'a fresh pair of legs', 'No 10 announced today', 'have you seen the latest Spielberg?'.
• "Take thy face hence."
(William Shakespeare, Macbeth V.iii)
• "I should have been a pair of ragged claws
Scuttling across the floors of silent seas."
(T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock")
• "The daily press, the immediate media, is superb at synecdoche, at giving us a small thing that stands for a much larger thing."
(Bruce Jackson)
understatement
A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberatelys clothing to characterise the individual. Adjective: metonymic.
• "The pen is mightier than the sword."
(Edward Bulwer-Lytton)
• "Many standard items of vocabulary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. Red tide, the marine disease that kills fish, takes its name from the colour of one-celled, plant-like animals in the water. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields."
(Connie C. Eble, "Metonymy," The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)
• "Bush has bombed Afghanistan and Iraq."
• "The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings."
• "The B.L.T. left without paying."
(waitress referring to a customer)
oxymoron
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side; a compressed paradox. Adjective: oxymoronic.
• "O brawling love! O loving hate! . . .
O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love feel I, that feel no