The Social Bond Theory
Hirschi (1969) believed that there are other contributing factors to desistance such as Social Control Theory, also known as Social Bond theory. According to the Social Bond Theory, the bond between individual and the people around them are important in the support of preventing and controlling the individual from reoffending (Hirschi, 1969). There are 4 factors in the social bond theory which are; attachment, commitment, belief and involvement (Vold et al., 2002). Attachment is the bond between the individual and the people around such as family and friends. The level of attachment are a predictive factor of the individual involving in future trouble. Thus, the higher the level of attachment individual have towards the loved one, the lesser
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Thus, those that put in more effort towards the commitment, tend to commit crime lesser than the non-commitment as the non-commitment feel lesser lose (Vold et al., 2002). Involvement can also be a form of desistance where individuals are too busy involving in activities which can prevent anti-social behaviour and be more acceptable to the society (Hirschi, 1969). However, Hirschi (1969 cited in Vold et al., 2002, p188) own study find out that “youths with more conventional involvement…commit more delinquency than those with less conventional involvement”. Thus, it demonstrated the limitation for this factor as the output of involvement is not consistently positive in all cases. Lastly, belief, is the moral and values that were implemented by the society or the cultural that the individual share with (Hirschi, 1969). It controls individual from committing crimes as doing so, the risk of losing social bond and deemed as bad, consequently being outcast from the bond of the society (Vold et al., 2002). Religion is also involved in the aspect of belief (Giordano et al., 2008). Giordano et al. (2008) findings from the study of 152 mixed gender offenders, those who grow closer to god are inclined to desist. However, not all offenders desisted from religion as some do not belief in religion (Laub and
Thus, those that put in more effort towards the commitment, tend to commit crime lesser than the non-commitment as the non-commitment feel lesser lose (Vold et al., 2002). Involvement can also be a form of desistance where individuals are too busy involving in activities which can prevent anti-social behaviour and be more acceptable to the society (Hirschi, 1969). However, Hirschi (1969 cited in Vold et al., 2002, p188) own study find out that “youths with more conventional involvement…commit more delinquency than those with less conventional involvement”. Thus, it demonstrated the limitation for this factor as the output of involvement is not consistently positive in all cases. Lastly, belief, is the moral and values that were implemented by the society or the cultural that the individual share with (Hirschi, 1969). It controls individual from committing crimes as doing so, the risk of losing social bond and deemed as bad, consequently being outcast from the bond of the society (Vold et al., 2002). Religion is also involved in the aspect of belief (Giordano et al., 2008). Giordano et al. (2008) findings from the study of 152 mixed gender offenders, those who grow closer to god are inclined to desist. However, not all offenders desisted from religion as some do not belief in religion (Laub and